CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25, Download PDF

CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25

CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25 is the blueprint that students will follow for the rest of the year. According to the CBSE Syllabus 2024-25 Biology the syllabus focuses 50% on Demonstrate Knowledge and Understanding, 30% on Application of Knowledge / Concepts, and 20% on analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating. So it becomes very important to stick to the Class 12 Syllabus during your board exam preparation. Read the full article to know the detailed CBSE Class 12 Biology 2025 for theory and practical exams.

CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25: Highlights

The CBSE board exam Biology paper completely follows the revised CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25. The Biology Class 12 Question Paper is based on VSA including MCQs, Assertion – Reasoning type questions, SA (Short answer type), LA-I; LA-II, Source-based/ Case-based/ Passage-based/ Integrated assessment questions. The class 12 BIology syllabus has 5 major units in the syllabus for theory exams.

Class 12 Biology Exam Pattern 2024-25

CBSE has published its curriculum for all subjects at https://cbseacademic.nic.in/curriculum_2025.html.  Check out the bride overview and marks distribution of the CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25 for theory and practical exams below.

Biology Class 12 Syllabus 2025: Theory

The Biology Class 12 Syllabus of the theory paper is discussed here in detail –

Unit-VI Reproduction Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination – types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events – development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.
Chapter-3: Human Reproduction
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis -spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).
Chapter-4: Reproductive Health
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance – haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans – thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation – lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.
Chapter-7: Evolution
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin’s contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy- Weinberg’s principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.

Unit-VIII: Biology and Human Welfare Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis,
ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basicconcepts of immunology – vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence – drug and alcoholabuse.

Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generationand microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicioususe.
Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications Chapter-11: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).

Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Applications
Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms – Bt crops; transgenic animals;biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.

Unit-X Ecology and Environment Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations
Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its Environment, Major Aboitic Factors, Responses to Abioitic Factors, Adaptations)

Chapter-14: Ecosystem
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles).

Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation
Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025: Practical

A. List of Experiments

1. Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.
2. Study the plant population density by quadrat method.
3. Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method.
4. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
5. Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc.

B. Study and observer the following (Spotting):

1. Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).
2. Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron micrograph.
3. Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and
T.S. of ovary throughpermanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
4. Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
5. T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).
6. Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.
7. Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow’s peak and colour blindness.
8. Controlled pollination – emasculation, tagging andbagging.
9. Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any funguscausing ringworm through permanent slides, models or virtual images or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
10. Models specimen showing symbolic association in root modules of leguminous plants, Cuscuta on host, lichens.
11. Flash cards models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs.

A. Items for Identification/ familiarity with the apparatus for assessment in practicals (All experiments) Beaker, flask, petriplates, soil from different sites – sandy, clayey, loamy,small potted plants, aluminium foil, paint brush, test tubes, starch solution, iodine, ice cubes,Bunsen burner/spirit lamp/water bath, large flowers, Maize inflorescence, model of developmental stages highlighting morula and blastula of frog, beads/seeds of different shapes/size/texture Ascaris, Cactus/Opuntia (model).

B. List of Practicals

1. Study of flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects).
2. Identification of S of morula or blastula of frog (Model).
3. Study of Mendelian inheritance pattern using beads/seeds of different sizes/texture.
4. Preparation of pedigree charts of genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, colour
5. Studyof emasculation, tagging and bagging by trying out an exercise on controlled pollination.
6. Identify common disease causing organisms like Ascaris (model) and learn somecommon symptoms of the disease that they cause.
7. Comment upon the morphological adaptations of plants found in xerophytic

Note: The above practicals may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than recordingobservations.

Biology Practical Exam Instructions

• The practical examination will be of two hours A separate list of ten experiments is included here.
• The written examination in practicals for these students will be conducted at the time of practical examination of all other
• The written test will be of 30 minutes
• The question paper given to the students should be legibly typed. It should contain a total of 15 practical skill-based very short answer-type questions. A student would be required to answer any 10 questions.
• A writer may be allowed to such students as per CBSE examination
• All questions included in the question paper should be related to the listed practicals. Every question should require about two minutes to be
• These students are also required to maintain a practical file. A student is expected to record at least five of the listed experiments as per the specific instructions for each These practicals should be duly checked and signed by the internal examiner.
• The format of writing any experiment in the practical file should include the aim, apparatus required, simple theory, procedure, related practical skills, precautions, etc.
• Questions may be generated jointly by the external/internal examiners and used for assessment.
• The viva questions may include questions based on basic theory / principle / concept, apparatus / materials / chemicals required, procedure, precautions, sources of error etc.

CBSE Class 12 Biology Books

The following are 3 books the board has recommended to cover the CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25. You can collect them and start reading.

1. Biology, Class-XII, Published by NCERT
2. Other related books and manuals brought out by NCERT (consider multimedia also)
3. Biology Supplementary Material (Revised). Available on the CBSE website.

Download CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25 PDF

Students can easily download the CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25 PDF from the link below. Check the full syllabus and exam pattern. This is the official Class 12 biology syllabus PDF. This pdf also includes the class 11 biology syllabus for the academic year 2024-25.

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CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25 PDF

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