NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1

Adda247 provides NCERT solutions for class 12 chemistry Chapter 1. These NCERT solutions for class 12 chemistry Chapter 1 will not only help students to prepare for their board exams and score good marks but also prepare for the competitive exams. The solutions are according to the NCERT guidelines.

Complete 16 chapter-wise solutions were provided for the benefit of students. After going through these NCERT solutions, it builds the base of applied science.

Ncert Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 PDF

Chemistry NCERT solutions class 12 offers students an in-depth knowledge of different aspects of chemistry.

The students can access the solutions anywhere while browsing the web easily. The solutions are very precise and accurate.

 

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Ncert solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1: The Solid State

Solid-state deals with the arrangements of particles in solid that results in several types of structures in solids

These differences in the structural unit also result in different properties of each solid state.

With the help of NCERT solution chapter 1, students will be able to understand general characteristics of solid-state, classification of solids, crystal lattice, unit cell, and imperfection in solids. It also discusses the correlation between the nature of interaction within the constituent particles and the different properties of solids.

NCERT solution Chapter 1 provides greater insight into the topics covered in the chapter.

Key features of Class 12 Chemistry chapter 1 Ncert Solutions: Solid State

Some Key features for NCERT solutions for class 12 chemistry Chapter 1

• The NCERT solution provides a clear and precise answer.
• The columns are used wherever necessary.

 

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 – Important Questions

 

Queation:1. Define the term amorphous. Give a few example of amorphous solids.

Ans –

Amorphous solids

1.)                        Irregular shape

2.)                        Do not have definite heat of fusion

3.)                        Isotropic in nature

4.)                                                                                                                                                                      Gradually soften over a long range of temperature

5.)                        Pseudo solids

6.)                        Short range order

 

Question:2. What makes a glass different from a solid such as quartz? Under what conditions could quartz be converted into glass.

Ans –

Arrangement of constituent particles makes glass different from quartz. In glass, the constituent particles have short range order but in quartz the constituent particles have both short range and long range order. Quartz can be converted into glass by heating and cooling it rapidly.

 

Question:3. Classify each of the following solids as ionic, metallic, molecular, network or  amorphous.

• Tetra phosphorus decoxide (P4O10)
• Ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4
• SiC
• I2
• P4
• Plastic

• Graphite
• Brass
• Rb
• LiBr
• Si

Ans:

Ionic	Ammonium phosphate, LiBr
Metallic	Brass, Rb
Molecular	Tetra phosphorus decoxide, I2, P4
Network	Graphite, SiC, Si
Amorphous	Plastic

 

Question:4.) i.) What is meant by the term coordination number?

     ii.) What is the coordination number of atoms:

 a.) In a cubic closed packed structure?

 b.) In a body centred cubic structure?

Ans –

The number of nearest neighbours of a particle is called its coordination number.

The coordination number of atoms:

• In a cubic close – packed structure: 12 and
• In a body centred cubic structure: 8

 

Question:5.) How can you determine the atomic mass of an unknown metal if you know its density and the dimension of its unit cell? Explain.

Ans –

In case of cubic crystal:

Volume of a unit cell = a3

Mass of a unit cell = number of atoms in a unit cell x mass    of each atom = z x m

(z is the no. of atoms present in one unit cell and m is the mass of a single atom)

 

Mass of an atom present in the unit cell: m = M/NA (M is the molar mass )

Therefore, the density of the unit cell

= mass of unit cell/volume of unit cell

= z.m/a3 = zM/a3NA

M = da3NA/z

 

Question:6.)Stability of a crystal is reflected in the magnitude of its  melting points. Comment. Collect melting point of solid water, ethyl alcohol, diethyl ether and methane from a data book. What can yoy say about the intermolecular forces between   these molecules?

Ans –

Higher the melting point, greater the intermolecular forces of attraction, stronger the bond between atoms and higher the stability. A substance with higher melting point is more stable than a substance with lower melting point.

Substances	Melting point
Solid water	158.8K
Ethyl alcohol	158.8K
Diethyl ether	96.85K
Methane	89.34K

From the above table it was observed that with higher melting point solid    water is more stable and the methane with lower melting point is less   stable.

Question:7.)  How many lattice point are there in one unit cell of each of   the following lattice?

• Face centred cubic
• Face centred tetragonal
• Body centre

Ans –

i.) There are 14 (8 from the corners + 6 from the faces) lattice point in face centred cubic.

ii.)There are 14 (8 from the corners + 6 from the faces) lattice   point in   face centred tetragonal.

iii.) There are 9 (1 from the centre + 8 from the corner) lattice point in body centred cubic.

 

Question:8.) Explain

i.) The basis of similarities and differences b/w metallic and ionic crystals.

       ii.) Ionic solids are hard and brittle.

Ans –

i.) The basis of similarities b/w metallic and ionic crystals is that both these crystal types are held by the electrostatic force of attraction. In metallic crystal the electrostatic force acts b/w the positive ions and the electrons. In ionic crystals, it acts b/w the oppositely charged icons. Hence both have high melting point.

The basis of difference b/w metallic and ionic crystal is that in metallic crystals, the electrons are free to move and so, metallic crystals can conduct electricity. However, in ionic crystals the ions are not free to move. As a result they cannot conduct electricity. However, in molten state or in aqueous solution, they do conduct electricity.

 

ii.)  The constituent particles of ionic crystals are ions these ions are held together in dimensional arrangement by the electrostatic force of attraction. Since the electrostatic force of attraction is very strong, the charged ions are held in fixed position. This is the reason why ionic crystals are hard and brittle

 

Question:9.) Silver crystallises in FCC lattice. If edge length of cell is 4.07 x 10-8cm and density is 10.5gcm-3. Calculate the atomic mass of silver.

Ans –

It is given that the edge length, a = 4.077 x 10-8cm

Density, d = 10.5gcm-3

As the lattice is fcc type, the no. of atoms per unit cell, z = 4

We also know that,

NA = 6.022 X 1023mol-1

Using the relation:

d = zM/a3NA

M = da3NA/z

= 10.5gcm-1 x (4.077 x 10-8cm)3 x 6.022 x 1023mol-1

4

= 107.13gmol-1

Therefore, atomic mass of silver = 107.13u

 

Question:10.) A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the   corner of the cube and P at the body centre. What is the formula of the compound. What are the coordination number of P and Q?

Ans –

It is given that the atoms of Q are present at the concerns of the cube. Therefore the no. of atoms of Q in 1 unit cell = 8 x 1/8 = 1

It is also given that the atoms of P are present at the body centre.

Therefore, no. of atoms of P in one unit cell = 1

This means that the ratio of the no. of P atoms to the no. of Q atoms, P:Q = 1: 1

Hence the formula of the compound is PQ. The coordination no. of both P and Q is 8.

 

Question:11.) Niobium crystallises in body centred cubic structure. If density is 8.55gcm-3, calculate atomic radius of niobium using its atomic mass 93u.

Ans –It is given that the density of niobium d = 8.55gcm-3
Atomic mass M = 93gmol-1
As the lattice is bcc type, the no. of atoms per unit cell, z = 2
We also know that NA = 6.022 x 1023 mol-1
Applying the relation:
d = zM/a3NA
a3 = Zm/dNA
= 2.93gmol-1/8.33gcm-3 x 6.022 x 1023mol-1
= 3.612 x 10-23 cm3
So, a = 3.306 x 108cm
For body centred cubic unit cell:
r = √3/4 x a = √3/4 x 3.306 x 10-8 cm
= 1.432 x 10-8cm
= 14.32 x 10-9cm = 14.32nm

 

Question:12.) If the radius of the octahedral void is r and radius of the atoms in close packing is R, derive relation between r and R.

Ans –
A sphere with centre O, is fitted into the octahedral void. It can be observed that ? BAC is right angled ?BAC = 900
Now applying Pythagoras theorem, we can write:
BC2 = BA2 + AC2
= (2R)2 = (R + r)2 + (R + r)2
= (2R)2 = 2(R + r)2
= 2R2 = (R+ r)2
= √2R = R + r
= r = √2R – R
= r = 0.414

 

Question:13.) Copper crystallises into a fcc lattice with edge length 3.61 x 10-8cm. Show that the calculated density is in agreement with its measured value of 8.92gcm-3.

Ans –
Edge length, a = 3.61 x 10-8cm
As the lattice is fcc type, the no. of atoms per unit cell, z = 4
Atomic mass, M = 63.5gmol-1
We also know that, NA = 6.022 X 1023mol-1
Applying the relation:
d = z M/a3NA
= 4 x63.5gmol-1
(3.61 x 10-8cm)3 x 6.022 x 1023mol-1
= 8.97gcm-3
The calculated density 8.97gcm-3 is in agreement with its measured value.

 

Question:14.) Analysis shows that nickel oxide has the formula NiO.98O1.00. What fractions of nickel exist as Ni2+ and Ni3+ ions?

Ans:
The formula of nickel oxide is NiO.98O1.00
Therefore the ratio of the number of Ni atoms to the no. of O atoms.
Ni : O = 0.98 : 1.00 = 98 : 100
Now total charge on 100 O2- ions = 100 x (-2) = -200
Let the no. of Ni2+ ions be x.
So, the no. of Ni3+ ions is 98 – x
Now, total charge on Ni2+ ions = x (+2) = +2x
And, total charge on Ni3+ ions (98 – x) (+3)
= 294 – 3x
Since, the compound is neutral, we can write:
2x + (294 – 3x) + (-200) = 0
X + 94 = 0
X = 94
Therefore, no. of Ni2+ = 94 and no. of Ni3+ ions = 98 – 94 = 4
Hence, fraction of nickel that exit as Ni2+ 94/98 = 0.959

 

Question:15.) What is a semiconductor? Describe the two main type of semiconductors and contrast their conduction mechanism

Ans:
Semiconductors are substances having conductance in the intermediate range 10-6 to 104 ohm-1m-1.
The two main types of semiconductor are:
i.) n-type or
ii.) p-type
i.) N-type semiconductor: the semiconductor whose increased conductivity is a result of negatively charged electrons is called an n type semiconductor.
ii.) P – type semiconductor: the semiconductor whose increased in conductivity is a result of electron whole is called a p – type semiconductor.
P – type semiconductor n – type semiconductor

 

Question:16.) Non stoichiometric cuprous oxide, Cu2O can be prepared in laboratory. In this oxide, copper to oxygen ratio is slightly less than 2:1. Can you account for the fact that this substance is a p – type semiconductor?

Ans:
In the cuprous oxide prepared in the laboratory, copper to oxygen ratio is slightly less than 2:1. This means that the no. of Cu+ ions is slightly less than twice the no. of O2- ions. This is because some Cu+ ions have been replaced by Cu2+ ions. Every Cu2+ ion replaces two Cu+ ions, thereby creating holes. As a result, the substance conduct electricity with the help of these positive holes. Hence, the substance is a p-type semiconductor.

 

Question:17.) Ferric oxide crystallises in a hexagonal close – packed array of oxide ions with two out of every three octahedral holes occupied by ferric ions. Derive the formula of ferric oxide.

Ans –
Let the no. of oxide ions be x
So, no. of octahedral voids = x
It is given that 2 out of every three octahedral holes are occupied by ferric ions
So, no. of ferric ions = 2/3 x
Therefore, ratio of no. of Fe3+ ions to the no. of O2- ions,
Fe3+: O2- = 2/3 x : x
= 2 : 3
Hence, the formula of ferric oxide is Fe2O3.

 

Question:18.) Classify each of the following as being either a p- type or n – type semiconductor:
i.) Ge doped with In ii.) B doped with Si

Ans:
i.) Ge (a group 14 element) is doped with In (a group 13 element).
Therefore, a hole will be created and the semiconductor generated will be a p – type semiconductor.
ii.)B (a group 13 element) is doped with Si (a group 14 element). So, there will be an extra electron and the semiconductor generated will an n- type semiconductor.

 

Question:19.) Gold (atomic radius = 0.144 nm) crystallises in a face – centred unit cell. What is the length of a side of the cell?

Ans –
For a face centred unit cell:
a = 2√2r
It is given that the atomic radius, r = 0.144nm
So a = 2√2 x 0.144nm
= 0.407nm
Hence, the length of the side of the cell = 0.407 nm.

 

Question:20.) In terms of band theory, what is the difference:
i.) Between a conductor and an insulator
ii.) Between a conductor and semiconductor?

Ans –
i.) the valence band of a conductor is partially filled or it overlaps with a higher energy, unoccupied conduction band.
On the other hand, in the case of an insulator, the valence band is fully filled and there is a large gap b/w the valence band and the conduction band.
2.) In the case of conductor the valence band is partially filled or overlaps with a higher energy, unoccupied conduction band. So, the electrons can flow easily under an applied electric field. On the other hand, the valence band of a semiconductor is filled and there is a small gap between the valence band and the next higher conduction band. Therefore, some electrons can jump from the valence band to the conduction band and conduct electricity.

 

Question:21.) Explain the following terms with suitable examples:
i.) Schottky defect
ii.) Frenkel defect
iii.) Interstitials and
iv.) F –centres

Ans –
1.) Schottky defect: Schottky defect is basically a vacancy defect shown by ionic solids. In this defect an equal no. of cations and anions are missing to maintain electrical neutrality. It decrease the density of a substance significant no of schottky defects is present in ionic solids.
Eg. – NaCl, KCl etc.
2.) Frenkel defect: Ionic solids containing large difference in the size of ions shows this type of defect. When the smaller ion is dislocated from its normal size to an interstitial site, frenkel defect is created.
Eg. – AgI, AgCl etc.
3.) Interstitial: Interstitial defect is shown by non – ionic solids. This type of defect is created when some constituent particles occupy an interstitial site of the crystal. The density of a substance increased because of this defect.
4.) F – centres: When the anionic sites of a crystal are occupied by unpaired electrons, the ionic sites are called F – centres. These unpaired electrons impart colour to the crystals.
Eg. – when crystal of NaCl are heated in an atmosphere of sodium vapour, the sodium atoms are deposited on the surface of the crystal. The Cl ions defused from the crystal to its surface and combine with Na atoms, forming NaCl. During the process, the Na atoms on the surface of the crystal lost electrons. These related electrons diffuse into the crystal and occupy the vacant anionic sites, creating the F – centres.

 

Question:22.) Aluminium crystallises in a cubic – packed structure. Its metallic radius is 125pm.
i.) What is the length of the side of unit cell?
ii.) How many unit cells are there in 1.00 cm3 of aluminium?

Ans –
i.) For cubic close – packed structure:
a = 2√2r
= 2√2 = 125pm
= 353.55pm
= 354pm (approx.)
ii.)Volume of one unit cell = (354pm)3
= 4.4 x 107pm3
= 4.4 x 107 x 10-30 cm3
4.4 x 10-23 cm3
Therefore no of unit cells in 1.00cm3 = 2.27 x 1022

 

Question:23.) If NaCl is doped with 10-3 mol % of SrCl2, what is the concentration of cation vacancies?
Ans –
It is given that NaCl is doped with 10-3 mol% of SrCl2.
This means that 100 mol of NaCl is doped with 10-3 mol of SrCl2.
Therefore 1 mol of NaCl is doped with 10-3/100 mol of SrCl2.
= 10-5 mol of SrCl2
Cation vacancies produced by one Sr2+ ion = 1
Concentration of the cation vacancies
Produced by 10-5 mol of Sr2+ ions = 10-5 x 6.022 x 1023
= 6.022 x 1018mol-1

 

Question:24.) Explain the following with suitable examples:
i.) Ferromagnetism
ii.) Paramagnetism
iii.) Ferrimagnetism
iv.) Antiferromagnetism
v.) 12 – 16 and 13 – 15 group compounds

Ans –
i. Ferromagnetism: A few substances which are attracted very strongly by a magnetic field. Such substances are called ferromagnetic substances. Besides strong attractions, these substances can be permanently magnetised.
Eg. – iron, cobalt, nickel etc.
ii. Paramagnetism: These substances are weakly attracted by a magnetic field. They are magnetised in a magnetic field in the same direction. They lose their magnetism in the absence of magnetic field. Paramagnetism is due to presence of one or more unpaired electrons which are attracted by the magnetic field.
Eg. – O2, Cu2+, Fe3+ etc.
iii. Ferrimagnetism: It is observed when the magnetic moments of the domains in the substance are aligned in parallel and antiparallel directions in unequal numbers. They are weakly attracted by magnetic field as compared to ferromagnetic substances.
Eg. – magnetite and ferrites.
iv. Antiferromagnetism: Substances which shows anti-ferromagnetism have domain structure similar to ferromagnetic substance, but their domains are oppositely oriented and cancel out each other’s magnetic moments.
Eg. – MnO etc.
v. 12 – 16 and 13 – 15 group compounds: The 12 – 16 group compounds are prepared by combining group 12 and group 16 elements and the 13 – 15 group compounds are prepared by combining group 13 and group 15 elements. These compounds are prepared to stimulate average valance of four as in Ge and Si.

Related Post:

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1: The Solid State

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2: Solutions

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 3: Electrochemistry

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 4: Chemical Kinetics

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 5: Surface Chemistry

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 7: The p-Block Elements

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8: The d & f Block Elements

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 9: Coordination Compounds

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 12: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 13: Amines

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 14: Biomolecules

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 15: Polymers

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life

 

Ncert Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1: FAQs

1. How can you prepare the topic of solid-state for the 12^th board exams?

Ans. Preparing the Chapter 1 solid-state needs a clear understanding of the physical properties. For this, students must need to understand the difference between crystalline and amorphous solids with deep detail about this topic. Students should also get a clear view of the difference between unit cell and crystal lattice, cubic close packing and hexagonal close packing, octahedral and tetrahedral void. The NCERT solutions play a major role as reference material for the class 12 students from the exam perspective. The solutions are in very easy language which helps students to get a grip on the important concepts easily.

 

2. What topics are covered in the NCERT Solutions Chemistry Chapter 1?

Ans. The NCERT Solutions for class 12 chemistry chapter 1 Solid State covers the following topics.

1. General characteristics of solids
2. Amorphous and crystalline solids,
3. Classification of crystalline solids,
4. Ionic solids,
5. Metallic solid,
6. Primitive and centered unit cells,
7. Primitive cubic unit cells,
8. Body-centered cubic unit cell,
9. Face-centered cubic unit cell.

Apart from this, NCERT solution class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 also deals with topics related to the formulas of compounds and number of voids filled, packing efficiency in HCP and CCP structures, an imperfection in solid, electrical properties, conduction of electricity and semiconductors,  a calculation involving unit cell dimension Magnetic properties, and conduction of electricity in metals.

 

3. How is the NCERT class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 PDF helpful?

Ans. The NCERT class 12 chapter 1 PDF is very helpful for the students. The simple language, use of diagrams and step-by-step method of calculations for numerical makes the learning process easy for the students. All the essential topics are covered in these NCERT solutions. All the important topics such as general characteristics of solids, amorphous and crystalline solids, classification of crystalline solids, ionic solids, metallic solids are delivered in detail with adequate examples to help the students understand the concept better.

 

4. Explain the properties of solids discussed in Chapter 1 of NCERT solutions for class 12 Chemistry

Ans. The properties of solids are discussed as :

1. Solids possess definite shape, size, and volume.
2. Intermolecular forces are very strong because molecules are closed to each other.
3. Solids are rigid and hard.
4. The particles in solids have a fixed position.

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