TNPSC Free Notes Biology -Health and Hygiene

இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான  முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.

Health and Hygiene

Health
• It is also refers to a state of a sound mind and body free from any sickness or
ailment, stress and problems.
• In simple words, health refers to the physical, emotional and psychological well-
being of a person
Hygiene
It refers to the good habits and their practices which is followed to prevent
diseases, maintain good health, especially through cleanliness, consumption of safe
drinking water and proper disposal of sewage.
Dental Care
• Dental care or broadly speaking oral hygiene is an important aspect of the
personal health of an individual.
• Good oral hygiene implies sound teeth and healthy gums with healthy
surrounding tissues
• The act of chewing and tasting is called ‘mastication’
NameoftheDiseases CausativeAgents
Bleedinggums VitaminCdeficiency
Toothdecay Bacteriainplaque
Periodontitis Tobaccochewing
Eye Care
• Eyes are an important organ of our body.
• They are considered as “windows to the world”.
• Eyesight is the most important sense.
• 80% of what we perceive comes through the sense of sight
Hair Care
• The condition of the hair reflects to some extent the nutritional status and general
health of the body.
• Thin, sparse hair and the loss of hair indicates a poor nutritional status.

• The deficiencies in diet, physical and mental illness of various kinds may also
leads to premature graying of hair.
Diseases
A disease is the functional or physical change from a normal state that affects the
health of a person by causing disability or discomfort.
Communicable Diseases
• Communicable diseases are those that spread from one person to another.
• Diseases spread through contaminated air, water, food or vectors (insects and
other animals)
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
• Tuberculosis, Cholera, Typhoid
• These are spread through air, water and some other organisms also.
Disease Caused by Virus
Viral diseases are extremely widespread infections caused by many type of viruses.
• Hepatitis
• Chickenpox
• Rabies
Non-Communicable diseases
Communicable diseases do not spread from person to person. They are caused by
other factors.
1. Problems caused by wearing out of body parts
2. Problems caused by external harmful agents entering the body
3. Problems caused by a lack of trace elements in the body
4. Problems caused by Malnutrition.
Alcohol:
• The physical and mental dependency on alcohol, smoking and drugs is called
addiction.

Harmful Effects of Alcohol:
1. Damaging of Nervous system
2. Lack of coordination of body organs.
3. Severe damage in Liver.
Tobacco Abuse:
• Tobacco is obtained from the tobacco plant Nicotiana tobaccum and Nicotiana
rustica.
• The dried and cured leaves of its young branches make the commercial tobacco
used worldwide.
• Addiction to tobacco is due to ‘nicotine’ an alkaloid present in it.
• Nicotine is a stimulant, highly harmful and poisonous substance.
Smoking Hazards and Effects of Tobacco
• Benzopyrene and polycyclic hydrocarbons present in tobacco smoke is
carcinogenic causing lung cancer.
• Causes inflammation of throat and bronchi leading to conditions like bronchitis
and pulmonary tuberculosis.
• Inflammation of lung alveoli, decrease surface area for gas exchange and cause
emphysema.
• Carbon monoxide of tobacco smoke binds to haemoglobin of RBC and decreases
its oxygen carrying capacity causing hypoxia in body tissues.
• Increased blood pressure caused by smoking leads to increased risk of heart
disease.
• Causes increased gastric secretion which leads to gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Tobacco chewing causes oral cancer (mouth cancer).
Cancer
• Cancer is derived from Latin word meaning crab. The study of cancer is called
Oncology (Oncos- Tumor).
• Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells that invade and destroy
surrounding tissue forming a tumor or neoplasm (new growth).

• It is a heterogenous group of cells that do not respond to the normal cell
division.The cancerous cells migrate to distant parts of the body and affect new
tissues. This process is called metastasis.
Types of Cancers
Cancers are classified on the basis of the tissues from which they are formed.
Carcinomas
• They arise from epithelial and glandular tissues.
• They include cancers of skin, lung, stomach and brain.
• About 85% of the tumours are carcinomas Sarcomas
• They occur in the connective and muscular tissue.
• They include the cancer of bones, cartilage, tendons, adipose tissue and muscles.
• These form 1% of all tumours
Leukaemia
• These are characterized by an increase in the formation of white blood cells in the
bone marrow and lymph nodes.
• Leukaemia are called blood cancers.
• Most common type of cancer which also affect children below 15 years of age. •
Lymphoma a cancer of the lymphatic system.
• Adenoma is benign tumor of epithelial tissue.
Vitamins
• Dr. Funk introduced the term vitamin.
• Vitamin A was given the first letter of the alphabet, as it was the first vitamin
discovered.

Fat Soluble Vitamins:

Vitamins Sources Deficiency disorders
Vitamin
A(Retinol)

Carrot, papaya, leafy vegetables Fishliver oil, egg yolk
Dairy products

Xerophthalmia, Nyctalopia (Night
Blindness)

Vitamin D
(Calciferol)

egg, liver,dairy products,Fish,synthesized by the Skin in
sunlight

Rickets (in children)

Vitamin E
(Tocopherol)

Whole wheat,meat,Vegetable oil,milk Sterility Reproducitve abnormalities
Vitamin K Leafy vegetables, Soyabeans,milk Blood clotting is prevented

Water soluble vitamins:
Vitamin B1
(Thiamine)

Whole grains,yeast,eggs,liver,sprouted Pulses Beriberi

Vitamin B2
(Riboflavin)

Milk, eggs, liver, green, vegetables, whole grains Ariboflavinosis
(Cheilosis)

Vitamin B3
(Niacin)

Milk, eggs, liver lean meat, groundnuts, bran Pellagra

Vitaminn B6
(Pyridoxine)

Meat,fish,eggs,germsofgrains&cereals,rice Polishings Dermatitis

Vitamin B12
(Cyanocobalamine)

Milk,meat,liver,pulsescereals,fish Pernicious Anaemia

Vitamin C
(Ascarbicacid)

Leafyvegetables,sprouts,citrusfruits,likeamla,lemon,orange Scurvy

Fats
• Fats are also known as triglycerides which are esters of free fatty acid chains as
glycerol.
• Fat in the diet provides energy. They maintain cell structures and are involved in
metabolic functions.
Fatty acids
1. Saturated
2. Unsaturated

Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized I the body and provided through
diet.
1. Alpha Linolenic acid (omega 3 fatty acid)
2. Linolenic acid (omega 6 fatty acid)
Mineral nutrients
• Minerals are inorganic substances required as an essential nutrient by organisms
to perform various biological functions necessary for life.
Minerals Sources Deficiencydisorders
calcium Dairy products, beans, Cabbage, eggs, fish Bone deferormities, poor skeletal growth,

osteoporosis

sodium Common salt Muscular cramps, nerve impulses, Do not get

transmitted.

Potassium Banana, sweet potato, Nuts, wholegrains, citrus

Fruits

Muscular fatigue, nerve impulses do not get
transmitted.

Iron Spinnach, dates, greens, Broccoli, wholecereals,

Nuts, fish, liver

Anaemia

Iodine Milk, sea food, Iodised salt Goitre

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