இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.
Education
Ancient Education
Introduction
Education is a continuous process of acquiring and sharing of knowledge, skills, and values is
recognised as the foundation of a progressive society. It plays a vital role in shaping
responsible people.
The world we live is constantly changing and developing. So, to meet the challenges and
overcome the obstacles we need to be well educated and to know the role of the
education in the human development process.
Let us learn the development of education in India through the ages.
Education in Ancient India
The historical sources provide the information that from very early times, the tradition of
teaching and learning had been in vogue in India.
The concept of education might have originated from the Vedas. The literal meaning the
Sanskrit word ‘Veda’ is knowledge and the word derived from the word Vid, which
means ‘to know’.
Our ancient education system evolved over many centuries and focused on the holistic
development of the individual by taking care of both the innate and latents capacities. It
emphasised values such as humility, truthfulness, discipline, self-reliance and respect for
all creations.
Sources of Learning
You must have heard the names of Panini, Aryabhata, Katyayana and Patanjali.
Their writings and the medical treatises of Charaka and Sushruta were also some of the
sources of learning.
Various disciplines such as history, logic, interpretation, architecture, polity, agriculture,
trade, commerce, animal husbandry and archery were taught.
Physical education too was an important curricular area and pupils participated in games
and recreational activities.
The Gurus and their students worked conscientiously together to become proficient in all
aspects of learning.
In order to assess student’s skills, literary debates were organised. Students at an advanced
stage of learning guided younger students. A system of peer learning was also practiced.
Ancient Education System in India: A Way of Life
In ancient India, both formal and informal education existed. Indigenous education was
imparted at home, in temples, patashalas, and gurukulas.
There were people in homes, villages, and temples who guided young children in imbibing
pious ways of life.
Temples played a vital role in imparting education and served the centres of learning.
Students went to viharas and universities for higher studies.
Teaching was oral, and students remembered and meditated upon what was taught in the
Gurukulas.
Many of these Gurukulas were named after the sages. Situated in forests, in serene and
peaceful surroundings, hundreds of students used to learn together in Gurukulas.
During the early period education was imparted by the teacher (Guru/Acharya) to the pupils
who gathered around him and came to live in his house as members of his family. This
was known as Gurukula system of eduation. The family of Guru functioned as a do
mestic school or an Ashram.
During that period, the gurus and their shishyas (pupils) lived together, helping each other
in day-to-day life. The main objectives was to have complete learning, leading a
disciplined life and realising one’s inner potential.
Students lived away from their homes for years together till they achieved their goals. The
gurukula was also the place where the relationship between the guru and student
strengthened with time.
Many monasteries and viharas were setup for monks and nuns to meditate, debate and
discuss with the learned for their quest for knowledge during this period.
Around these viharas, other educational centres of higher learning developed, which
attracted students from China, Korea, Tibet, Burma, Ceylon, Java, Nepal and other
distant countries.
Viharas and Universities Buddhist Period
The Jataka tales, accounts given by Hiuen Tsang and I-Tsing (Chinese scholars), and other
sources tell us that kings and society took an active interest in promoting education.
Through monasteries and Viharas Buddhist scholars carried out the educational work. As a
result, many famous educational centres came into existence. Among the most notable
universities that emerged during that period were situated at Taxila, Nalanda, Valabhi,
Vikramshila, Odantapuri and Jagaddala.
These universities developed in connection with the viharas. Those at Benaras and Kanchi
developed in relation with temples and became centres of community life in
the places where they were situated.
These institutions catered to the needs of advanced level students. Such students joined the
centres of higher learning and developed their knowledge by mutual discussions and
debates with renowned scholars.
Not only that, there was also occasional summoning by a king to a gathering in which the
scholars of the various viharas and universities would meet, debate and exchange their
views.
Role of the Teacher
Teachers had complete autonomy in all aspects, from selection of students to designing
their syllabi.
When the teacher was satisfied with the performance of the students, the course
concluded. He would admit as many students as he liked and taught what his students
were keen to learn.
Debate and discussions were the primary methods of teaching. Teachers were assisted by
their advanced level students.
The ancient Nalanda University was a centre of learning from the 5th century AD (CE) to
12th century AD (CE).
Located in present-day Rajgir, Bihar.
Nalanda was one of the oldest universities of the world and UNESCO declared the ruins of
Nalanda Mahavihara a world heritage site.
The new Nalanda University is envisaged as a centre of inter-civilisational dialogue.
Taxila was an ancient Indian city, which is now in northwestern Pakistan.
It is an important archaeological site and the UNESCO declared it as a world heritage site in
1980.
Its fame rested on the university where Chanakya is said to have composed his
Arthashastra.
Archaeologist Alexander Cunningham discovered its ruins in the mid 19th century
Medieval Education
Medieval period witnessed a radical transformation with the introduction of Muslim
education in the Indian subcontinent.
The country was invaded by various foreign rulers and several traders from different parts
of the world.
The tradesmen and the invaders brought with them their own cultures and intermingled
with the people of the country.
Besides, religion, society and culture, education in medieval India also experienced a new
perspective.
The aim of education during Muslim period (medieval) was the illumination and extension
of knowledge.
In the eleventh century, the Muslims rulers established elementary and secondary schools.
Education developed with a fresh aspect during that period as there was an excellent
interaction between Indian and Islamic traditions in all fields of knowledge like theology,
religion, philosophy, fine arts, painting, architecture, mathematics, medicine, and
astronomy.
However, before the arrival of the Muslims in India, a developed system of education was
already in place.
Muslim rulers promoted urban education by bestowing libraries and literary societies.
They founded primary schools (maktabs) in which students learnt reading, writing, and basic
Islamic prayers.
Secondary schools (madrasas) were established to teach advanced language skills.
Several madrasas were set up by the Sultans, and nobles.
The main objective of these madrasas was to train and educate the scholars who would
become eligible for the civil service.
Iltutmish was the first ruler to establish a madrasa at Delhi during his rule. Gradually many
madrasas came into existence.
The system of education in medieval India was under the control of Ulema.
During those days, education was related to religious training. However, various subjects
such as medicine, Arabic literature, grammar and philosophy were also taught.
History states that Arab and Central Asian people brought Muslim educational models to
India in both the medieval and early modern periods.
Women’s education in India was prevalent during the medieval period.
Raja Jai Singh of Jaipur encouraged learning of scientific subjects. Besides, many institutions
were started by private individuals as well.
Madrasa of Ghaziuddin in Delhi, and the madrasa of Maulana Sadruddin at Shahjahanabad.
In the later medieval era, the British came to India and introduced English education.
With the coming of the European missionaries, Western education made firm advances in
the country.
Various universities and thousands of colleges were formed, and the popularity of
education increased.
The medieval period saw the founding of many religious mutt or monasteries, which also
took up the cause of education.
The Ahobila mutt in Srirangam was one among them where is Sri Ramanuja has made a
distinctive contribution to the cause of education.
Besides mutts, Jain Pallis and Buddhist viharas played a vital role in educating people.
They had large libraries of books in all branches of learning.
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