இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.
Migration
Introduction
In any settlement-village or town, change in population occurs due to birth, death, and
migration.
Of these three components of population change, birth and death is clearly identifiable
events while migration poses the maximum amount of problem with regards to its
definition and measurement.
As almost everyone keeps moving most of the time, it is not easy to define which of these
moves have to be classified as migratory moves.
In the Census of India, migration is enumerated on two bases
Place of birth: If the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration, it is
known as life-time migration.
Place of residence: If the place of last residence is different from the place of
enumeration, it is known as migration, by place of last residence.
Extent of Migration in India and Tamil Nadu
In India, the Census of 2011 enumerated a total population of 121 crores, of which 45 crore
people were reported as migrants, according to the definition of the place of last
residence. Similarly, in Tamil Nadu, out of 7.2 crore people, 3.13 crore people were
counted as migrants in 2011.
That is, the percentage of migrants was 37 percent in the country, while it was at a much
higher rate in Tamil Nadu at 43 percent.
Generally, one tends to associate migration with urban areas.
However, we find that in India as well as Tamil Nadu, the extent of migration is much higher
in rural areas compared to urban areas.
In 2011, 37 percent of the population are counted as migrants in rural areas while the
corresponding percentage in urban India is 27 percent.
In Tamil Nadu, migrants account for 41 percent in rural areas and 35 percent in urban areas,
in 2011.
That is, the mobility of population in rural areas is greater than that in urban areas.
Further, one usually associates mobility with males rather than females.
However, an examination of data clearly indicates that a larger proportion of females are
reported to be migrants compared to males.
In the country as a whole, 53 percent are female migrants while 23 percent are male
migrants, in 2011.
In Tamil Nadu, the picture is very similar, with more than half the females (52%) reporting
their status as migrants, by place of the last residence, and 35 percent are male
migrants.
Now, why is there such a large percentage of migration among women?
70 percent in India and 51 percent in Tamil Nadu report marriage as the reason for
migration of females in 2011.
That is, marriage and the movement associated with marriage appear to be a major factor
responsible for women’s mobility in India and Tamil Nadu.
Movement related to work and employment appears to be the driving force for migration,
among men.
Of all the male migrants in India, 28 percent report ‘work’ as the major reason for their
migration in 2011. The corresponding percentage in Tamil Nadu is 26 percent.
To sum up, in Tamil Nadu, two out of every five persons is reported to be a migrant in the
year 2011.
Incidence of migrants is higher in rural areas and larger among women.
Tamil Nadu has a history of migration, and people have moved for various reasons such as
trade, business, employment etc., to various countries.
During the colonial period, labourers had moved to other colonies seeking work and wages.
In the more recent period workers from Tamil Nadu have been moving to countries in
the Gulf, United States of America and Australia.
In 2015, an independent research study was conducted to understand the level, nature and
pattern of migration in Tamil Nadu. This study has made some interesting findings, as
discussed below:
Of the total migrants in Tamil Nadu, 65 percent have migrated or moved abroad, while
35 percent have moved within the country.
Chennai district has recorded the maximum number of emigrants followed by
Coimbatore, Ramanathapuram, and Tiruchirapalli districts.
Cuddalore, Karur, Thiruvannamalai, Vellore, Namakkal, Salem, Dindigul, Krishnagiri,
Nilgiris, and Dharmapuri districts record low number of emigrants.
This study also provides information about the sex and destination of migrants in Tamil
Nadu.
Of the total migrants who go to foreign countries, nearly 20% have chosen to go to
Singapore, while 18% to the United Arab Emirates, 16% to Saudi Arabia, 13 % to the
United States of America.
Malaysia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Australia and England are also referred as important
destinations for migrants from Tamil Nadu in the year 2015.
Of the international migrants, 15 percent are women, while 85 percent are men.
On the question of educational qualifications of migrants from Tamil Nadu, the study
reveals that in 2015 about 7% were illiterates; 30% have completed Class X; 10% have
completed Class XII; 15% had undergone vocational training; 11% were graduates; 12%
were professionally qualified and 11% had Post Graduate degrees.
The study clearly reveals various occupations undertaken by the migrants: highly skilled
professions on one hand and low skilled occupations on the other, along with a large
number of semi-skilled occupations.
Migration Policies
Policies to address the problem of migration in developing countries like India essentially
aim at the following:
To reduce the volume of migration: A large part of migration is a reflection of poverty and
insecurity faced by large sections of the rural people, the focus of intervention has to be
in rural areas. Rural development policies to reduce poverty and insecurity would be
essential to reduce the rate of migration.
To redirect the migrant streams: Redirection of migrant streams away from big
metropolitan cities is a desirable policy option. This policy can help in reducing
spatial inequalities by suitable strategies, such as developing a more dispersed
pattern of urbanisation.
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