இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.
Anti-Caste Movements
Jyotiba Phule
Jyotiba Govindrao Phule was born in 1827 in Maharashtra.
He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for the
education for women.
Jyotiba Phule and his wife established the first girl’s school at Poona in 1852.
Phule founded the Satya Shodak Samaj (Society for Seeking Truth) in 1873.
While the movements discussed above were largely focussed on upper castes there
were some exceptional movements which mobilised lower castes and articulated their
perspective.
The most important among them were Jyotiba Phule, who belonged to the Mali
(gardener) community.
Born in 1827, he received initial education in a mission school but had to discontinue it
in 1833.
Jyotiba Phule waged a life-long struggle against upper caste tyranny. In his quest for the
truth, Phule read the Vedas, the Manu Samhita, the Puranas, and the thought of
Buddha, Mahavira and the medieval Bhakti saints extensively.
He also acquainted himself with Western thought and Christian and Islamic religions.
While the principle of equality called for a total rejection of the caste system,
authoritarian family structure and subordination of women, the principle of rationality
demanded the removal of superstitions and ritualism.
Phule held radical views on social, religious, political and economic issues.
He sought to raise the morale of the non-Brahmins and united them to revolt against
the centuries-old inequality and social degradation.
He said that the education of the people would be the revolutionary factor for
liberation.
His most important book is Gulamgiri (Slavery).
Phule looked upon the education of the masses as a liberating and revolutionary factor.
Since women, and deprived and downtrodden, were the worst sufferers in the society,
Phule argued that women’s liberation was linked with the liberation of other classes in
society.
Equality between classes as also between men and women was stressed by Phule.
During marriages, he asked the bridegroom to promise the right of education to his
bride.
Phule also tried to translate his ideas into actual struggles. He urged the British
Government to impart compulsory primary education to the masses through teachers
drawn from the cultivating classes.
He also started schools for the "untouchables" and founded a home for widow’s
children.
In order to give the lower caste people more powers Jothiba Phule decided to construct
a common bathing tank outside his house.
He also wished to dine with all, regardless of their caste.
In his work, we find the beginnings of the later-day non-Brahman movement of
Maharashtra.
Pandita Ramabai (1858–1922)
Pandita Ramabai was foremost among the Indian leaders who worked for the
emancipation of women. She came from a learned family.
She was given the title of “Pandita” and “Saraswati” for her deep knowledge of Sanskrit.
After the death of her parents, she and her brother travelled to different parts of the
country.
They went to Calcutta in 1878. Two years later, her brother also died. A little later in
1880 she married a Bengali belonging to a family of lower social status.
Thus, even at that time she was bold enough to marry a man of a different caste and
different language.
After the death of her husband two years later she returned to Poona and started the
Arya Mahila Samaj with the help of leaders like Ranade and Bhandarkar.
300 women were educated in the Samaj in 1882.
Ramabai started the ‘Sharada Sadan’ (shelter for homeless) for the destitute widows
with the help of Ranade and Bhandarkar.
But soon she was accused of converting Hindu women to Christianity and hence had to
shift her activities to Khedgoan near Poona. She established a Mukti Sadan (freedom
house) there.
Soon there were 2000 children and women in the house. Vocational training was given
make them self-reliant.
Sri Narayana Guru (1854- 1928)
Sri Narayana Guru was a great social reformer from kerala.
This movement emerged in Kerala and was born out of conflict between the depressed
classes and the upper castes.
It was started by Sri Narayana Guru spearheading a social movement of the ‘Ezhavas’ of
Kerala, a community of toddy tappers.
The Ezhavas were the single largest group in Kerala constituting 26% of population.
Sri Narayana Guru established the Sri Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Yogam
in 1902. He is a great scholar in Malayalam, Tamil and Sanskrit
The SNDP Yogam took up several issues such as
i. right of admission to public schools,
ii. recruitment to government services,
iii. access to roads and entry to temples, and
iv. Political representation.
The movement as a whole brought transformative structural changes such as upward
social mobility, shift in traditional distribution of power and a federation of ‘backward
classes’ into a large conglomeration.
As a response to the prohibition on Ezhavas into temples, Sri Narayana Guru established
a grand temple at Aruvipuram, and empowered the community to modernize itself.
He condemned animal sacrifices, casteism and other social evils.
Great personalities such as the poet Kumaran Asan, Dr. Palpu and Sahodaran Ayyappan
emerged from the movement and made a lasting impact in the democratization of
Kerala Society.
Even though the Guru himself was not directly involved in the movement, the Vaikom
Satyagraha, organized to protest against the ban on the entry of Ezhavas on the temple
streets of Vaikom made a deep impact on subsequent temple entry movements.
Ayyankali (1863-1941)
Ayyankali was born in 1863 at Venganoor in Thiruvananthapuram then in the princely
state of Travancore.
The discrimination he faced as a child turned him into a leader of an anti-caste
movement and who later fought for basic rights including access to public spaces and
entry to schools.
Ayyankali challenged many caste conventions such as clothing style, he wore clothes
associated with upper castes that were prohibited for lower castes.
He rode on an ox-cart challenging the ‘ban’ on untouchables from accessing public roads
used by caste Hindus.
Inspired by Sree Narayana Guru, Ayyankali founded the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam
(Association for the Protection of the Poor) in 1907 which campaigned and raised funds
to educate the lower caste Pulaya people.
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