TNPSC Free Notes History-Chalukyas

இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான  முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.

Chalukyas

Origin & History
 The political history of south India during the sixth century to ninth century CE was
marked by conflicts between the Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi) (also known as Western
Chalukyas), and the Pallavas of Kanchi.
 There were three Chalukya families called
 Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi
 Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi)
 Chalukyas of Kalyani
 The Chalukyas were surrounded by

 Harsha in the North
 Pallavas in the South
 Kalinga (Orissa) in the East
Chalukyas of Vatapi
 Chalukya dynasty emerged as a strong power with its founder Pulikesin I (543-566 CE)
fortifying a hill near Badami.
 He ruled parts of the present-day Maharashtra and Karnataka states in the
western Deccan region of India.
 He declared independence from the Kadmabas. It is said that he conducted yagnas and
performed the Asvameda sacrifice.
 The capital Badami was founded by Kirtivarman (566-597). He conquered both Konkan
and north Kerala.
 Pulikesin I’s grandson Pulikesin II(609-642)after defeating Mangalesha, proclaimed
himself as king, an event that is described in the Aihole inscription.
 The kings of Malwa, Kalinga, and eastern Deccan accepted his suzerainty.
 He fought with the Kadambas of Banavasi and the Gangas of Mysore and established his
suzerainty.
 Another notable achievement of Pulakesin II was the defeat of Harshavardhana on the
banks of the river Narmada.
 He had maintained friendly relations with the Persian king, Khusru II.
 He annexed Pishtapura to his kingdom and appointed his brother  Kubja Vishnu
Vardhan  as Viceroy in 621.
 However, his attempt to attack Kanchipuram was thwarted by Mahendravarma Pallava.
 This led to a prolonged war between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas.
 Narasimha varman I (630-668), the Pallava King, attacked and occupied Badami,
Pulikesin II died in the battle.
 Pallava control over Badami and the southern parts of the Chalukya Empire continued
for several years.
 The successor of Pulakesin II was Vikramaditya. He once again consolidated the
Chalukya kingdom and plundered the Pallava capital, Kanchi.
 Vikramaditya II, as a crown prince, had conducted successful military campaigns against
the  Pallavas  of Kanchipuram but never damaged the city.
 Kirtivarman II was the last of the rulers of the Chalukyas. He was defeated by
Dantidurga, the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.

Chalukya’s Administration
 The king was the head of the administration.
 In dynastic succession, primogeniture was not strictly followed.
 Generally, the elder was to be appointed as Yuvaraja, while the king was in the office.
 The heir apparent got trained in literature, law, philosophy, martial arts and others.
 Chalukyan kings claimed to rule according to dharma-sastra and niti-sastra.
 Pulikesin I was well-versed in manu-sastra, puranas, and itihasas.
 In the beginning, the Chalukya kings assumed titles such as Maharajan, Sathyasrayan
and Sri-Pritivi-Vallaban.
 After defeating Harshavardhana, Pulikesin II assumed the title of Parameswaran.
Bhattarakan and Maharajathirajan soon became very popular titles.
 In the Pallava kingdom, kings took high-sounding titles such as Dharma maharajaadhi
raja, Maharajadhiraja, Dharma maharaja, Maharaja.
 In the Hirahadagalli plates, the king is introduced as the performer of agnistoma,
vajapeya and asvamedha sacrifices.
 The wild boar was the royal insignia of the Chalukyas. It was claimed that it represented
the varaha avatar of Vishnu.
 The bull, Siva’s mount, was the symbol of the Pallavas.
Royal women
 Chalukya dynasty of Jayasimhan I line appointed royal ladies as provincial governors.
 VijyaBhattariga, a Chalukya princess, issued inscriptions.
 Pallava queens did not take active part in the administration of the kingdom, but they
built shrines, and installed images of various deities, and endowed temples.
 The image of Queen Rangapataka, the queen of Rajasimha, is found in the inscription in
Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram.
Council of ministers
 All powers were vested in the king.
 Inscriptions do not specifically speak of a council of ministers, but they do refer to an
official called maha-sandhi-vigrahika.
 Four other categories of ministers are also referred to in the epigraphs:
 Pradhana (head minister),
 Mahasandhi-vigrahika (minister of foreign affairs),
 Amatya (revenue minister)
 Samaharta (minister of exchequer)
 Chalukyas divided the state into political divisions for the sake of administration:

 Vishayam
 Rastram
 Nadu
 Grama
 Epigraphs speak of the officials like vishayapatis, samantas, gramapohis and mahatras.
 Vishayapatis exercised the power at the behest of the kings.
 Samantas were feudal lords functioning under the control of the state.
 Grampohis and gramkudas were village officials.
 Mahatras were the prominent village men.
Village administration
 The traditional revenue officials of the villages were called the nala-kavundas.
 The central figure in village administration was kamunda or pokigan who were
appointed by the kings.
 The village accountant was karana and he was otherwise called gramani.
 Law and order of the village was in the hands of a group of people called mahajanam.
 There was a special officer called mahapurush, in charge of maintaining order and peace
of the village.
 Nagarapatis or Purapatis were the officials of the towns.
 The chief of vishaya was vishayapati.
 In turn, vishaya was divided into pukti. Its head was pogapati.
Religion
 The Chalukyas patronised both Saivism and Vaishnavism.
 They built temples for Siva and Vishnu.
 Brahmin groups were invited from the Gangetic regions and settled to perform regular
pujas and conduct festivals and ceremonies in the temples.
 Notable Chalukya rulers like Kirtivarman I, Mangalesa (597-609), and Pulikesin II (609-
642) performed yagnas.
 They bore titles such as parama-vaishana and parama-maheswara.
 Chalukyas gave a prominent place to Kartikeyan, the war god.
 The prince Krishna appointed Gunapatra, a Jain monk, as his master.
 According to Hiuen Tsang, there were many Buddhist centres in the Chalukya territory
wherein more than 5000 followers of the Hinayana and Mahayana sects lived.
Literature
 Ravikirti, the poet-laureate of Pulikesin II, was a Jain scholar.
 In the reign of Kirtivarman II, a Jain village official built a Jain temple in a place called
Annigere.

 Chalukyas used Sanskrit in pillar inscriptions such as in Aihole and Maha-kudam.
 A seventh-century inscription of a Chalukya king at Badami mentions Kannada as the
local Prakrit, meaning the people’s language, and Sanskrit as the language of culture.
 A chieftain of Pulikesin II authored a grammar work Saptavataram in Sanskrit.
Chalukya Architecture
 Historically, in Deccan, Chalukyas introduced the technique of building temples using
soft sandstones as medium.
 In Badami, two temples are dedicated to Vishnu and one each to Siva and to the Jaina
Tirthankaras.
 Their temples are grouped into two:
 excavated cave temples
 Structural temples.
 Badami is known for both structural and excavated cave temples.
 Pattadakal and Aihole are popular for structural temples.
 There are four caves in Badami. The largest cave temple built by Mangalesa is dedicated
to Vishnu.
 The reclining posture of Vishnu on the snake bed and Narasimha are exquisite examples
of Chalukya art.
 Built in 634, Aihole, the headquarters of the famous medieval Ayyavole merchants guild
was an important commercial centre.
 About seventy temples are located in Aihole.
 The earliest stone-built temple is Lad Khan temple.
 A temple dedicated to the goddess Durga was built on the model of Buddha Chaitya. It
stands on a raised platform in the form of semi-circle.
 Another temple, dedicated to the same goddess is called Huccimalligudi, which is
rectangular in shape.
 Chalukyas also built Jain temples. Megudi Jain temple is illustrative of the evolution of
temple architecture under the Chalukyas.
 The mandapa-type caves are preserved at Aihole.
 Pattadakal, a quiet village in Bagalkot district of Karnataka, is famous for its exquisite
temples. Pattadakal was a centre for performing royal rituals.
 The Virupaksha temple was built at the order of queen Lohamahadevi to commemorate
the conquest of Kanchipuram by her husband Vikramaditya II.
 The unique feature of the structural temple built by Rajasimha at Mamallapuram was
adopted here by the Chalukyas.
 The east porch of the Virupaksha temple has a Kannada inscription eulogizing the
architect who designed the temple.
 The architect was given the title Tribhuvacharya (maker of the three worlds).

 At the south-eastern corner of the village is the Papanatha temple. Similar to the
Virupaksha temple in its basic plan, it has a shikara in the northern style.
 The outer walls are richly decorated with many panels depicting scenes and characters
from the Ramayana.
 On the basis of style these temples are classified into two groups:
 Indo-Aryan
 Dravidian.

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