TNPSC Free Notes History- Portugese and Orissa

இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான  முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.

Portugese and Orissa

 He maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese. Albuquerque sent his
ambassadors to Krishna Deva Raya.
 The Portuguese governor Albuquerque sent an agent to offer aid to Krishna Deva in his
fight against the Bahmanis in return for Vijayanagar support against the Zamorin of
Calicut.
 He also promised to supply Arab and Persian horses only to Vijayanagar.
 The second Portuguese ambassador to Krishna Devaraya renewed the governor’s
request to erect a fort at Bhatkal and succeeded in his mission. This was after
Albuquerque had attacked and captured Goa in 1510.
 There are several inscriptions graphically describing his seizure of many forts like
Udayagiri, under the control of Gajapati, during the course of this eastern expedition.
 In the year 1515, Krishnadevaraya had chosen Potnuru to erected the pillar to recount
his conquests.
 Krishna Deva Raya’s Orissa campaign was also successful. He defeated the
 Gajapathi ruler Prataparudra and conquered the whole of Telungana.
 Prataparudra negotiated for peace and offered to marry off his daughter to him.
Accepting the offer, Krishnadevaraya returned the territory he had conquered from
Prataparudra.
Talaikotta battle
 At Krishnadevaraya‘s death, his younger brother Achyutadevaraya became king.

 Ramaraya, the son-in-law of Krishnadevaraya wanted to dominate the affairs by
crowning the infant as king.
 Achyutadevaraya was however supported by Chellappa (Saluva Nayak), the greatest
Nayak of the day who controlled a major part of the Tamil area.
 Soon after, however, Chellapa became a rebel himself and Achyutadevaraya had to take
a big expedition to the south to subdue him.
 After his death in 1542, his nephew Sadasivaraya succeeded him and ruled for about
thirty years (1542–70).
 The real power lay in the hands of Ramaraya, who got support from many of his close
kinsmen (of Aravidu clan) by appointing them as Nayak of many strategic localities.
 He entered into a commercial treaty with the Portuguese whereby the supply of horses
to the Bijapur ruler was stopped.
 He fought with the Bijapur ruler and after some time, he allied with the Bijapur ruler
against Golkonda and Ahmadnagar. This divide and rule policy provoked much enmity
against Vijayanagar.
 Forgetting their mutual quarrels, the Deccan states, joined hands to wage the last great
battle against their common enemy.
 The battle was fought at Talikota or Rakshasi-Tangadi in January 1565 in which
Ramaraya, in spite of his old age, personally commanded the forces along with his
cousins and brothers.
 Ramaraya was imprisoned and executed immediately. The victorious Bahmani armies
entered the Vijayanagar city for the first time in their history, and ransacked it for
several months laying it waste.
 This battle is generally considered the signal for the end of Vijayanagar
 Tirumala, brother of Ramaraya, declared himself king in 1570, starting the Aravidu, that
is the fourth dynasty.
Central Administration
 The King was the ultimate authority in the kingdom. He was also the supreme
commander of the army.
 He was assisted by several high-rank officers called as the council of ministers headed by
a Prime Minister.
 The Chief Minister was known as the Mahapradhani.
 The Council meetings were held at Venkatavilasa Mandapam to discuss very important
issues.
 The oral order of king was recorded by Rayasani.
Provincial administration

 The Vijayanagara kingdom was divided into different administrative units  called
 mandalams or rajyas(provinces)
 nadus (districts)
 sthalas (sub-districts)
 gramas (villages).
 The governor of Mandalam was called Mandaleswara or Nayak.
 He led a number of lower-ranking officers, like Dalavay (commander), Vassal (guard of
the palace), Rayasam (secretary/accountant), Adaippam (personal attendant), and
Kariya-karta (executive agents).
 Vijayanagar rulers gave full powers to the local authorities in the administration.
 The administration of the village looked after by Gauda (village headman).
 Land revenue was considered as the Chief source of income and the taxes collected
were called as Kadamai, Magamai, Kannikai, Kattayam, Kanam, Varam, Bodham, Vari,
Pattam, Irai, Kattanam.
Land Revenue
 The Lands were Carefully surveyed, and the taxes were collected based on production.
 Land revenue was generally fixed as one-sixth of the produce.
 The expenditure of the state was divided into four parts such as
 charities and the personal expenditure of the King
 maintenance of horses
 military conquests
 security of the empire
 These were mentioned in the book Amuktamalyada.
 The Revenue department was called Athavanam.
Local & Judicial administration
 The Village affairs was administered by 12 members called Ayagars and the tax free
lands were known as Manyams.
 The King enjoyed absolute authority in executive, judicial and legislative matters. He was
the highest court of appeal.
 The petty offences like violation of caste rules and rules of trade were investigated by
village courts, panchayats and guild organisations.
 Dharmasasthra consists of the local customs that were to be followed.
 In the matter of justice, harsh punishments such as mutilation and throwing to
elephants were followed.
Military administration

 The Vijayanagar army was well-organised and efficient.
 It consisted of the cavalry, infantry, artillery and elephants.
 High-breed horses such as Arabian & Persian horses were procured from Portuguese
and foreign traders.
 The Military Department was maintained by Kandacharya.
 The top-grade officers of the army were known as Nayaks or Poligars.
 Soldiers were usually paid in cash.
Literature
 Krishnadevaraya patronised art and literature.
 He was a great patron of literature and art and he was known as Andhra Bhoja.
 Eight eminent luminaries in literature known as astadiggajas adorned his court.
 Krishna Deva Raya himself authored a Telugu work, Amukthamalyadha and Sanskrit
works – Jambavati Kalyanam and Ushaparinayam.
 Allasani Peddanna was the greatest, and he was called as Andhrakavita Pitamaga.
 His important works include Manucharitam and Harikathasaram.
Some important Books and and its Authors
 Nandi Timmana – Parijatha Paharanam
 Madayya – Rajasekharchaaritam
 Dhurajati – Kalahasti Mahatyam
 Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra – Saaramatasara Sangraham
 Pingali Surana – Prabhavari Pradyumma
 Tenali Ramakrishnan – Panduranga Mahamatyam
 Ramraja Bhusan – Kavyalankara
Social Life
 Allasani Peddanna in his Manucharitam refers the existence of four castes in the
Vijayanagar society.
 Brahmins
 Kshatriyas
 Vaisyas
 Sudras
 Foreign travellers left vivid accounts on the splendour of buildings and luxurious social
life in the city of Vijayanagar.
 Silk and cotton clothes were mainly used for clothing.
 Perfumes, flowers and ornaments were used by the people.

 Paes mentions of the beautiful houses of the rich and a large number of their household
servants.
 Nicolo Conti refers to the prevalence of slavery.
 Dancing, music, wrestling, gambling and cock-fighting were some of the amusements.
 The Sangama rulers were chiefly Saivaites and Virupaksha was their family deity. But
other dynasties were Vaishnavites.
 Srivaishnavism of Ramanuja was very popular. But all kings were tolerant towards other
religions.
 Borbosa referred to the religious freedom enjoyed by everyone.
 Muslims were employed in the administration and they were allowed to build mosques
and worship.
 According to Nuniz, a large number of women were employed in royal palaces as
dancers, domestic servants and palanquin bearers.
 The attachment of dancing girls to temples was in practice.
 Polygamy was prevalent among the royal families.
 Sati was honoured and Nuniz gives a description about it.
 Gangadevi, wife of Kumarakampana authored the famous work Maduravijayam.
 Hannamma and Thirumalamma were famous poets of this period.
 Paes refers to the flourishing devadasi system.
Economic Condition
 According to the accounts of the foreign travellers, the Vijayanagar Empire was one of
the wealthiest parts of the world at that time.
 Agriculture continued to be the chief occupation of the people.
 The Vijayanagar rulers provided a stimulus to its further growth by providing irrigation
facilities.
 New tanks were built and dams were constructed across the rivers like Tunghabadra.
 Nuniz refers to the excavation of canals.
 There were numerous industries and they were organized into guilds.
 Metal workers and other craftsmen flourished during this period.
 Diamond mines were located in Kurnool and Anantapur district.
 Vijayanagar was also a great centre of trade.
 The chief gold coin was the Varaha but weights and measures varied from place to
place.
 Inland, coastal and overseas trade led to the general prosperity.
 There were a number of seaports on the Malabar coast, the chief being Cannanore.
 Commercial contacts with Arabia, Persia, South Africa and Portugal on the west and
with Burma, Malay peninsula and China on the east flourished.

Cultural Contributions
 The temple building activity further gained momentum during the Vijayanagar rule.
 The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagara architecture were the construction of tall
Raya Gopurams or gateways and the Kalyanamandapam with carved pillars in the
temple premises.
 The sculptures on the pillars were carved with distinctive features.
 The horse was the most common animal found in these pillars.
 Large mandapams contain one hundred pillars as well as one thousand pillars in some
big temples.
 The most important temples of the Vijayanagar style were found in the Hampi ruins or
the city of Vijayanagar.
 Vittalaswamy and Hazara Ramaswamy temples were the best examples of this style.
 The Raya Gopurams at Thiruvannamalai and Chidambaram speak the glorious epoch of
Vijayanagar.
 They were continued by the Nayak rulers in the later period.
 The metal images of Krishna Deva Raya and his queens at Tirupati are examples of
casting of metal images.
 Music and dancing were also patronised by the rulers of Vijayanagar.
 Different languages such as Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada and Tamil flourished in the
regions.

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