இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.
The Later Pandyas
Pandya Revival (600–920 CE)
The revival of the Pandyas took after the disappearance of the Kalabhras, once hill
tribes, had soon taken to a settled life, extending their patronage to Buddhists and Jains.
Kadunkon, who recovered Pandya territory from the Kalabhras was succeeded by two
others.
Sendan – possessed warlike qualities and his title Vanavan is suggestive of his
conquest of Cheras.
Arikesari Maravarman (624–674)
Arikesari Maravarman / Kun Pandyan (634-674)
An illustrious early Pandya, ascended the throne in 642, according to a Vaigai river bed
inscription.
He was a contemporary of Mahendravarman I and Narsimahvarman I.
Inscriptions and copper plates praise his victory over his counterparts such as
1. Cheras
2. Cholas
3. Pallavas
4. Sinhalese
Arikesari or Kun Pandian was the persecutor of Jains.
Saivite saint Thirugnanasambandar converted Arikesari from Jainism to Saivism.
Arikesari’s successors
Kochadayan Ranadhira (700–730)
Maravarman,Rajasimha I (730–765)
Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadayn (Varaguna I) (765–815)
Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadayn (Varaguna I) (765-815)
He was the donor of the Velvikkudi plates.
He was also known as the greatest of his dynasty and successfully handled the Pallavas
and the Cheras.
He expanded the Pandya territory into Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli, Salem and Coimbatore
districts.
He is also credited with building several Siva and Vishnu temples.
Srimara Srivallabha (815–862)
He succeeded Varaguna I.
He invaded Ceylon and maintained his authority.
However, he was subsequently defeated by Pallava Nandivarman III (846–869).
Varaguna II
Varaguna II, who was defeated by Aparajita Pallava (885–903) at Sripurambiyam.
His successors, Parantaka Viranarayana and Rajasimha II, could not stand up to the
rising Chola dynasty under Parantaka I.
Parantaka I
Parantaka I defeated the Pandya king Rajasimha II who fled the country in 920CE.
Rise of Pandyas Again (1190–1310)
In the wake of the vacuum in Chola state in the last quarter of 12 th century after the
demise of Adhi Rajendra, Chola viceroyalty became weak in the Pandya country.
Taking advantage of this development, Pandya chieftains tried to assert and rule
independently.
Sri Vallaba Pandyan fought Rajaraja II and lost his son in the battle.
Using this situation, the five Pandyas waged a war against Kulotunga I (1070–1120) and
were defeated.
In 1190, Sadayavarman Srivallabhan, at the behest of Kulotunga I, started ruling the
Pandya territory.
He was anointed in Madurai with sceptre and throne.
To commemorate his coronation, he converted a peasant settlement
Sundaracholapuram as Sundarachola Chaturvedimangalam, a tax-exempted village for
Brahmins.
Pandya kingdom
After the decline of the Cholas, Pandya kingdom became the leading Tamil dynasty in
the thirteenth century.
Madurai was their capital.Kayal was their great port.
Foreign travellers
Marco Polo, the famous traveller from Venice, visited Kayal twice, in 1288 and in 1293.
He tells us that this port town was full of ships from Arabia and China and bustling with
business activities.
He lauded the king for fair administration and generous hospitality for foreign
merchants.
In his travel account, he also records the incidents of sati and the polygamy practiced by
the kings.
Sadaiyavarman Sundarapandyan (Jatavarman) (1251–1268)
He was an illustrious ruler of the second Pandya kingdom.
He brought the entire Tamil Nadu under his rule, but also exercised his authority up to
Nellore in Andhra.
Under his reign, the Pandya state reached its zenith, keeping the Hoysalas in check.
Sundarapandyan conquered the Chera ruler, the chief of Malanadu, and extracted a
tribute from him.
The decline of the Chola state emboldened the Boja king of Malwa region Vira
Someshwara to challenge Sundarapandyan, who in a war at Kannanur defeated him.
After defeating the Kadava chief, who ruled from Cuddalore and wielded power in
northern Tamil Nadu, Sundarapandyan demanded tribute.
He captured the western region and the area that lay between present-day Arcot and
Salem.
Along with him, there were two or three co-regents who ruled simultaneously
1. Vikrama Pandyan
2. Vira Pandyan.
Vira Pandyan (1253–1256) took Eelam (Ceylon), Kongu and the Cholamandalam.
Maravarman Kulasekharan
He succeeded Sundarapandyan.
He ascended the throne in 1268 and ruled till 1312.
He ruled successfully for a period of 40 years, giving the country peace and prosperity.
He defeated Chola ruler Rajendra III.
He had two sons
1. Sundara Pandyan
2. Vira Pandyan.
In 1302, the accession of the elder son, Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III, as co-regent
took place.
This provoked the other son Vira Pandyan and so he killed his father Maravarman
Kulasekharan.
In the civil war, Vira Pandyan won and became firmly established in his kingdom.
The other son, Sundara Pandyan, fled to Delhi and took refuge under the protection of
Alauddin Khalji.
This turn of events provided an opening for the invasion of Malik Kafur.
Invasion of Malik Kafur
When Malik Kafur arrived in Madurai in 1311, he found the city empty and Vira Pandyan
had already fled.
The Madurai temple was desecrated and an enormous amount of wealth was looted.
With the help of Malik Kafur, Sundara Pandyan ascended to the throne under the
control of Alauddin Khalji.
After Malik Kafur’s invasion, the Pandyan kingdom came to be divided among a number
of the main rulers in the Pandya’s family.
In Madurai, a Muslim state subordinate to the Delhi Sultan came to be established and
continued until 1335 CE.
When the Muslim Governor of Madurai Jalaluddin Asan Shah threw off his allegiance
and declared himself independent.
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