இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.
Gandhian Phase -1
Emergence of Gandhi
Introduction
2 October 1869 – Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in Porbandar, Gujarat.
His father Kaba Gandhi was the Diwan of Porbandar and later became the Diwan of
Rajkot.
His mother Putlibai, a devout Vaishanavite, influenced the young Gandhi.
1888 – Gandhi sailed to England to study law.
June 1891 – After becoming a barrister, Gandhi returned to India as a firm believer in
British sense of justice and fair play.
Racial Discrimination in South Africa
On returning to India, Gandhi’s attempt to practice in Bombay failed.
It was during this time that a Gujarati firm in South africa, sought the services of Gandhi
for assistance in a law-suit.
April 1893 – Gandhi accepted the offer and left for South Africa.
Gandhi faced racial discrimination for the first time in South Africa.
On his journey from Durban to Pretoria, at the Pietermaritzburg railway station, he was
physically thrown out of the first class compartment.
Indians were treated only as coolies. But Gandhi was determined to fight.
Gandhi called a meeting of the Indians in the Transvaal and exhorted them to form an
association to seek redress of their grievances. He continued to hold such meetings,
petitioned to the authorities about the injustices which were in violation of their own
laws.
Indians in the Transvaal had to pay a poll tax of £ 3, could not own land except in areas
marked for them, and could not move outdoors after 9 p.m. without a permit.
He launched a struggle against such unjust laws.
Gandhi Influenced by Western thinkers
Tolstoy’s – The Kingdom of God is Within You
Ruskin’s – Unto this Last
Thoreau’s – Civil Disobedience.
Gandhi’s ideas were formed due to a blend of Indian and Western thought.
Inspired by Ruskin, Gandhi established the Phoenix Settlement (1905) and the Tolstoy
Farm (1910).
Equality, community living and dignity of labour were inculcated in these settlements.
They were training grounds for the satyagrahis.
Gandhi’s Early Satyagrahas
Satyagraha as a Strategy in South Africa
Gandhi developed Satyagraha (devotion to the truth, truth-force) as a strategy, in which
campaigners went on peaceful marches and presented themselves for arrest in protest
against unjust laws.
He experimented with it for fighting the issues of immigration and racial discrimination.
Meetings were held and registration offices of immigrants were picketed.
Even when the police let loose violence no resistance was offered by the satyagrahis.
Gandhi and other leaders were arrested. Indians, mostly indentured labourers turned
hawkers continued the struggle despite police brutality.
End of Satyagaraha
Finally, by the Smuts-Gandhi Agreement the poll tax on indentured labourers was
abolished.
Gandhi’s stay in South Africa was a learning experience for him.
It was there that Gandhi realised that people of different religions, regions, linguistic
groups could be welded into one to fight against exploitation.
Gandhi returned to India, after the outbreak of the First World War.
Gandhi’s Early Satyagrahas in India
Gandhi regarded Gopal Krishna Gokhale, as his political guru.
On Gokhale’s advice, Gandhi travelled the length and breadth of the country before
plunging into politics. This enabled him to understand the conditions of the people.
Gandhi planned to wear a simple dhoti during his one of these journeys through Tamil
Nadu
Gandhi before returning to India visited England where he enlisted for the War to offer
ambulance services.
Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
Gandhi’s first civil disobedience movement.
The first attempt at mobilizing the Indian masses was made by Gandhi on an invitation
by peasants of Champaran.
Before launching the struggle, accompanied by local leaders such as Rajendra Prasad,
Mazharul Huq, Acharya Kripalani and Mahadeva Desai, Gandhi conducted a detailed
enquiry.
In Champaran, Bihar the tinkathia system was practiced.
Indigo cultivators of the Champaran district in Bihar were severely exploited by the
European planters to cultivate indigo on 3/20th of their land holdings
Rajkumar Shukla, an agriculturist from Champaran who suffered hardships of the
system, prevailed on Gandhi to visit Champaran.
On reaching Chamaparan, Gandhi was asked by the police to leave immediately. When
he refused he was summoned for trial.
The news spread like wild fire and thousands swarmed the place in support of Gandhi.
According to Gandhi, “The country thus had its first object lesson in Civil Disobedience”.
He was assisted by Brajkishore Prasad, a lawyer by profession, and Rajendra Prasad,
who became the first President of independent India.
The Lieutenant Governor eventually formed a committee with Gandhi as a member
which recommended the abolition of the tinkathia system, thereby ending the
oppression of the peasants by the Indigo Planters.
The report was accepted and implemented resulting in the release of the indigo
cultivators of the bondage of European planters who gradually had to withdraw from
Champaran itself.
Ahmedabad Mill Strike and Kheda Satyagraha
Introduction
Ahmedabad Mill Strike was held in 1918 for a dispute between cotton mill owners of
Ahmedabad and the workers over the issue of discontinuation of the plague bonus
Kheda Satyagraha was due ti increase of land revenue during monsoon failure.
Ahmedabad Mill Strike
Gandhi’s first hunger strike
In March 1918, Gandhi intervened in a dispute between cotton mill owners of
Ahmedabad and the workers over the issue of discontinuation of the plague bonus.
The workers were demanding a rise of 50 percent in their wages, to meet out the times
of wartime inflation (which doubled the prices of food-grains, cloth, and other
necessities) caused by Britain’s involvement in World War I. But the mill owners were
ready to give only a 20 per cent wage hike. So, the workers went on strike.
Anusuya Sarabhai was a social worker who was also the sister of Ambalal Sarabhai, one
of the mill owners and the president of the Ahmedabad Mill Owners Association
(founded in 1891), for help in fighting for justice. The workers of the mill turned to
Anusuya Sarabhai for help in fighting for justice
Anusuya Sarabai went to Gandhi, asked some help to resolve the impasse between the
workers and the employers.
1920 – Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association was formed by Anusuya Behn.
Gandhi met both the parties and when the owners refused to accept the demands of
the low paid workers, Gandhi advised them to go on strike demanding a 35 percent
increase in their wages instead of 50 per cent.
Finally, the mill owners accepted to awarded 35 percent wage hike to workers, hence
the strike was withdrawn.
Kheda Struggle (1918)
Gandhi’s first Non – cooperation movement
Due to the failure of monsoon the peasants of Kheda district were in distress. So, they
appealed to the colonial authorities for remission of land revenue during 1918.
As per government’s famine code, in the event of crop yield being under 25 percent of
the average the cultivators were entitled for total remission. But the authorities refused
and harassed them demanding full payment.
The Kheda peasants who were also battling the plague epidemic, high prices and famine
approached the Servants of India Society, of which Gandhi was a member, for help.
Gandhi, along with Vithalbhai Patel, intervened on behalf of the poor peasants and
advised them to withhold payment and ‘fight unto death against such a spirit of
vindictiveness and tyranny.’
Vallabhbhai Patel, a young lawyer and Indulal Yagnik joined Gandhi in the movement
and urged the riots to be firm.
The government repression included attachment of crops, taking possession of the
belongings of the riots and their cattle and in some cases auctioning them.
The government authorities issued instructions that revenues shall be collected only
from those ryots who could afford to pay.
On learning about the same, Gandhi decided to withdraw the struggle.
Timeline
1891- Ahmedabad Mill Owners Association
March 1918 – Ahmedabad mill strike
1918 – Kheda Satyagraha
1920 – Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association
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