இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.
Indian National Army
Introduction
A considerably large contingent of the Indian Army was posted on the South East Asian
countries that were part of the British Empire.
They were in Malaya, Burma and elsewhere.
The forces, however, could not stand up to the Japanese army.
The command of the British Indian Army in the South-East Asian front simply retreated
leaving the ranks behind as Prisoners of War (POWs).
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh, an officer of the British Indian Army in Malaya, approached the Japanese
for help and they found in this an opportunity.
Japan’s interests lay in colonising China and not much India.
The Indian POWs with the Japanese were left under Mohan Singh’s command.
The fall of Singapore to the Japanese forces added to the strength of the POWs and
Mohan Singh now had 45,000 POWs under his command.
By the end of 1942, Mohan Singh had drafted about 40,000 men in the Indian National
Army.
Japan – Indian Independence
1941 – The Indian National Army was the brainchild of Japanese Major Iwaichi Fujiwara.
Mohan Singh agreed to Cooperate.
June 1942 – United Indian League, Headed by Bengali Revolutionary – Rash Behari Bose.
September 1942 – First Division of Indian National Army was disbanded.
Indian National Army-2
On July 2, 1943, Subhas Chandra Bose, reached Singapore.
From there he went to Tokyo and after a meeting with Prime Minister Tojo, the
Japanese leader declared that his country did not desire territorial expansion into India.
October 21, 1943 – Bose returned to Singapore and set up the Provisional Government
of Free India
This Provisional Government declared war against Britain and the other allied nations.
The Axis powers recognised Bose’s Provisional Government as its ally.
He gave the slogan ‘Dilli Chalo’.
INA was deployed as part of the Japanese forces.
He was made as the President of Indian Independence League and soon became the
supreme commander of the Indian National Army.
INA has three Brigades. They were the Subhas Brigade, Gandhi Brigade and Nehru
Brigade.
The women’s wing of the army was named as Rani Laxmi bai regiment. It was
commanded by a medical doctor and daughter of freedom fighter Ammu Swaminathan
from Madras, Dr Lakshmi.
Provincial Government of Free India
October 21, 1943, the formation of the Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free
India), he held on to his post as Supreme Commander of the Indian National Army, and
also named himself head of state, prime minister, and minister for war and foreign
affairs.
He anticipated retaining the position of head of state in a free India.
23 October 1943, Declare war on Britain
November 6, 1943, Andaman and Nicobar Islands was given by the Japanese army to
the INA; the islands were renamed as Shahid Dweep and Swaraj Dweep respectively.
The INA headquarters was shifted to Rangoon (in Burma) in January 1944.
4 February 1944 – Historic march to Invade India.
7 May 1944 – INA march crossed Indo-Burma border.
6 July 1944, Subhas Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as ‘Father of Nation’ from the
Azad Hind Radio
Bose appealed to Gandhi for his blessing in what he described as ‘India’s last war of
independence’.
10 August 1945 – Japan Surrendered
18 August 1945 – Bose died in plane crashed at Taipei.
The Indian National Army Trial, 1945
INA with Axis Powers in War
A battalion of the INA commanded by Shah Nawaz accompanied the Japanese army, in
its march on Imphal.
This was in late 1944 and the Axis powers, including the Japanese forces, had fallen into
bad times all over.
The Imphal campaign did not succeed and the Japanese retreated before the final
surrender to the British command in mid-1945.
Shah Nawaz and his soldiers of the INA were taken prisoners and charged with treason.
INA Trial
The INA trials were held at the Red Fort in New Delhi was the first trial out of 10 trials.
It was in this context that the colonial rulers sent up three prominent officers of the INA
– Shah Nawaz Khan, P.K. Sehgal and G.S. Dhillon – to trial.
The Indian National Congress fielded its best lawyers in defence of the INA soldiers.
Nehru, who had given up his legal practice as early as in 1920 responding to Gandhi’s
call for non-cooperation, wore his black gown to appear in defence.
Even though the INA did not achieve much militarily, the trials made a huge impact in
inspiring the masses.
The colonial government’s arrogance once again set the stage for another mass
mobilisation.
The Indian National Congress, after the debacle at the Shimla Conference (June 25, 1945
to July 14, 1945) plunged into reaching out to the masses by way of public meetings
across the country.
The INA figured more prominently as an issue in all these meetings than even the
Congress’s pitch for votes in the elections (under the 1935 Act) that were expected
soon.
The press in India reported the trials with all empathy and editorials sought the soldiers
freed immediately.
The INA week was marked by processions, hartals and even general strikes across the
nation demanding release of the soldiers.
5 – 11 November was declared as Indian National Army (INA) week.
12 November 1945 was declared as Indian National Army (INA) day.
The choice of the three men to be sent up for trial ended up rallying all political opinion
behind the campaign.
The Muslim League, the Shiromani Akali Dal and the Hindu Maha Sabha, all those who
had stayed clear of the Quit India campaign, joined the protests and raised funds for
their defence. Although the trial court found Sehgal, Dhillon and Shah Nawaz Khan guilty
of treason, the commander in chief remitted the sentences and set them free on
January 6, 1946.
The INA trials, indeed, set the stage for yet another important stage in the history of the
Indian National Movement in February 1946.
The Royal Indian Navy Revolt
The economic impact of the war was manifest in rising prices, shortage of food- grains
and closure of war time industries causing retrenchment and employment.
This merged with the anti-British sentiments evident in the mass scale of the protests
revolving around the INA trials.
B.C. Dutt, a rating (the designation for the Indians employed in the various war-ships
and elsewhere in the Royal Indian Navy) in the HMIS Talwar was arrested for scribbling
‘Quit India’ on the panel of the ship.
This provoked a strike by the 1,100 ratings on the ship.
The ratings resented the racist behaviour of the English commanders, the poor quality
of the food and abuses that were the norm.
February 18, 1946 – Dutt’s arrest served as the trigger for the revolt.
The day after, the revolt was joined by the ratings in the Fort Barracks and the Castle
and a large number of them went into the Bombay cities in commandeered trucks
waving Congress flags and shouting anti-British slogans.
The workers in the textile mills of Bombay joined the struggle.
The trade unions in Bombay and Calcutta called for a sympathy strike and the two cities
turned into war zones.
Barricades were erected all over and pitched battles fought.
Shopkeepers downed shutters and hartals became the order of the day.
Trains were stopped in the two cities with people sitting on the tracks.
On news of the Bombay revolt reaching Karachi, ratings in the HMIS Hindustan and
other naval establishments in Karachi went on a lightning strike on February 19.
The strike wave spread to almost all the naval establishments across India and at least
20,000 ratings from 78 ships and 20 shore establishments ended up revolting in the days
after February 18, 1946.
There were strikes, expressing support to the ratings in the Royal Indian Air Force
stationed in Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, Jessore and Ambala units. The Sepoys in the army
cantonment station at Jabalpur too went on strike.
The ratings, in many places, hoisted the Congress, the Communist, and the Muslim
League flags together on the ship masts during the revolt.
The colonial government’s response was brutal repression.
It was indeed a revolt without a leadership; nor did the ratings move in an organised
direction.
While the trade unions came out in solidarity with the ratings in no time and the strikes
in Bombay and Calcutta and Madras were strong expressions against British rule in
India, these did not last for long and the ratings were forced to surrender soon.
Sardar Vallabhai Patel, then in Bombay, took the initiative to bring the revolt to an end.
The RIN mutiny, however, was indeed a glorious chapter in the Indian National
Movement and perhaps the last act of rebellion in the long story of such acts of valour
in the cause of independence.
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