இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.
Muslim Leaders in Congress & Role of Syed Ahmed Khan
Muslim leaders like Badruddin Tyabji and Rahmatullah Sayani in Mumbai, Nawab Syed
Mohammed Bahadur in Chennai and A. Rasul in Bengal who supported the Congress.
But the majority of Muslims in north India toed the line of Syed Ahmed Khan, and
preferred to support the British.
The introduction of representative institutions and of open competition to government
posts gave rise to apprehensions amongst Muslims and prompted Syed Ahmed Khan
and his followers to work for close collaboration with the Government.
By collaborating with the Government he hoped to secure for his community a bigger
share than otherwise would be due according to the principles of number or merit
Foundation of Indian National Congress
The foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 was an attempt to narrow the
Hindu-Muslim divide.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and other Muslim leaders like Syed Ameer Ali (the first Indian to
find a place in London Privy Council) projected the Congress as a representative body of
only the Hindus.
First Session of Congress
1885 – Held in Bombay
President – W.C. Banerjee
Of the seventy-two delegates attending the first session of the Congress only two were
Muslims.
Muslim leaders opposed the Congress tooth and nail on the plea that Muslims’
participation in it would create an unfavourable reaction among the rulers against their
community.
Communalism in Local Body Elections
Democratic politics had the unintended effect of fostering communal tendencies.
Local administrative bodies in the 1880s provided the scope for pursuing communal
politics.
Municipal councillors acquired vast powers of patronage which were used to build-up
one’s political base.
Hindus wresting the control of municipal boards from the Muslims and vice-versa led to
communalisation of local politics.
Lal Chand, the principal spokesperson of the Punjab Hindu Sabha and later the leader of
Arya Samaj, highlighted the extent to which some Municipalities were organised on
communal lines.
"The municipal members sat in two rows on the right and left sides of the municipal
president’s chair.
On the left the representatives of the banner of Islam and on the right the descendants
of old Rishis of Aryavarta were seated.
By this arrangement the members are constantly reminded that they are not simply
Municipal Councillors, but they are as Muhammedans versus Hindus and vice-versa
Weak-kneed Policy of the Congress
During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal (1905–06), Muslim supporters of the
Swadeshi movement were condemned as “Congress touts.”
The silence of the Congress and its refusal to deal with such elements frontally not only
provided stimulus to communal politics but also demoralized and discouraged the
nationalist Muslims.
The situation took a turn for the worst in the first decade of the twentieth century when
political radicalism went hand in hand with religious conservatism.
Tilak, Aurobindo Gosh and Lala Lajpat Rai aroused anti-colonial consciousness by using
religious symbols, festivals and platforms.
The most aggravating factor was Tilak’s effort to mobilise Hindus through the Ganapati
festival.
Lal Chand spared no efforts to condemn the Indian National Congress of pursuing a
policy of appeasement towards Muslims.
All India Muslim League (AIML)
30 December 1906 – Founded in Dhaka.
Within three years of its formation, in 1909 the AIML successfully achieved the status of
separate electorate for the Muslims.
It granted separate constitutional identity to the Muslims.
The Lucknow Pact (1916) put an official seal on a separate political identity to Muslims.
Punjab Hindu Sabha
In 1909, Arya Samaj leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, Lal Chand and Shadi Lal established the
Punjab Hindu Sabha.
Madan Mohan Malaviya presided the first session of the Sabha’s at Lahore in October
1909.
The Sabha stated that it was not a sectarian organisation, but an "all-embracing
movement" that aimed to safeguard the interests of "the entire Hindu community".
During 21 and 22 October, 1909, it organised the Punjab Provincial Hindu Conference,
which criticised the Indian National Congress for failing to defend Hindu interests, and
called for the promotion of Hindu-centered politics
All India Hindu Mahasabha
In the wake of the formation of the Muslim League and introduction of the Government
of India Act of 1909, a move to start a Hindu organisation.
The resolution passed at the fifth Punjab Hindu Conference at Ambala and the sixth
conference at Ferozepur.
The first all Indian Conference of Hindus convened at Haridwar in 1915.
The All India Hindu Mahasabha was started with headquarters at Dehradun.
Provincial Hindu Sabhas were started subsequently in UP, with headquarters at
Allahabad and in Bombay and Bihar.
While the sabhas in Bombay and Bihar were not active, there was little response in
Madras and Bengal.
Predominantly urban in character, the Mahasabha was concentrated in the larger
trading cities of north India, particularly in Allahabad, Kanpur, Benares, Lucknow and
Lahore.
In United Province, Bihar the Mahasabha, to a large extent was the creation of the
educated middle-class leaders who were also activists in the Congress.
The Khilafat movement gave some respite to the separatist politics of the communalists.
As a result, between 1920 and 1922, the Mahasabha ceased to function.
The entry of ulema into politics led Hindus to fear a revived and aggressive Islam.
Even important Muslim leaders like Ali brothers had always been Khilafatists first and
Congressmen second.
The power of mobilisation on religious grounds demonstrated by the Muslims during
the Khilafat movement motivated the Hindu communalists to imitate them in mobilising
the Hindu masses.
Suddhi movement was not a new phenomenon, but in the post-Khilafat period it
assumed new importance.
In an effort to draw Hindus into the boycott of the visit of Prince of Wales in 1921,
Swami Shradhananda tried to revive the Mahasabha by organising cow-protection
propaganda.
Malabar Rebellion
The bloody Malabar rebellion of 1921, where Muslim peasants were pitted against both
the British rulers and Hindu landlords, gave another reason for the renewed campaign
of the Hindu Mahasabha.
The outbreak was basically an agrarian Revolt communal passion ran high in
consequence of which Gandhi himself viewed it as a Hindu-Muslim conflict.
Gandhi wanted Muslim leaders to tender a public apology for the happenings in
Malabar.
Muslim League & Congress Alliance
The suspension of the non-cooperation movement in 1922 and the abolition of the
Caliphate in 1924 left the Muslims in a state of frustration.
In the aftermath of the Non-Co-operation movement, the alliance between the
Khilafatists and the Congress crumbled.
A fresh spate of communal violence, as Hindus and Muslims, in the context of self-
governing institutions created under the Act of 1919, began to stake their political
claims and in the process vied with each other to acquire power and position.
Sixth Annual Conference of the Hindu Mahasabha
Of 968 delegates attending the sixth annual conference of the Hindu Mahasabha in
Varanasi in August 1923, 56.7 % came from the U.P.
The United Provinces (UP), the Punjab, Delhi and Bihar together contributed 86.8 % of
the delegates. Madras, Bombay and Bengal combined sent only 6.6% of the delegates.
Communalism in United Provinces
The 1920s was a trying period for the Congress. This time the communal tension in the
United Province was not only due to the zeal of Hindu and Muslim religious leaders but
was fuelled by the political rivalries of the Swarajists and Liberals.
In Allahabad, Motilal Nehru and Madan Mohan Malaviya confronted each other.
When Nehru’s faction emerged victorious in the municipal elections of 1923, Malaviya’s
faction began to exploit religious passions.
The District Magistrate Crosthwaite conducted the investigation that reported: ‘The
Malavia family have deliberately stirred up the Hindus and this has reacted on the
Muslims.
Communalism in Punjab
In Punjab, communalism as a powerful movement had set in completely.
In 1924, Lala Lajpat Rai openly advocated the partition of Punjab into Hindu and Muslim
Provinces.
The Hindu Mahasabha represented the forces of Hindu revivalism in the political
domain, raised the slogan of ‘Akhand Hindustan’ against the Muslim League’s demand
of separate electorates for Muslims.
The Mahasabha’s role in the freedom struggle has been rather controversial.
While not supportive of British rule, the Mahasabha did not offer its full support to the
nationalist movement either.
Indian National Congress
Since the Indian National Congress had to mobilize the support of all classes and
communities against foreign domination, the leaders of different communities could not
press for the Principle of secularism firmly due to the fear of losing the support of
religious-minded groups.
Congress under the leadership of Gandhi held a number of unity conferences during this
period but to no avail.
Delhi Conference of Muslims and their Proposals
An offer by the Conference of Muslims, which met at Delhi on March 20, 1927 to give up
separate electorates if four proposals were accepted.
The separation of Sind from Bombay
Reforms for the Frontier and Baluchistan
Representation by population in the Punjab and Bengal
Thirty-three per cent seats for the Muslims in the Central Legislature.
Motilal Nehru and S. Srinivasan persuaded the All India Congress Committee to accept
the Delhi proposals formulated by the Conference of the Muslims.
Gandhi commented that the Hindu-Muslim issue had passed out of human hands.
The Congress appointing two committees to find out whether it was financially feasible
to separate Sind from Bombay and the other to examine proportional representation as
a means of safeguarding Muslim majorities.
Jinnah who had taken the initiative to narrow down the breach between the two, and
had been hailed the ambassador of Hindu- Muslim unity by Sarojini, felt let down as the
Hindu Mahasabha members present at the All Parties Convention held in Calcutta in
1928 rejected all amendments and destroyed any possibility of unity.
Thereafter, most of the Muslims were convinced that they would get a better deal from
Government rather than from the Congress.
Communal Award and its Aftermath
The British Government was consistent in promoting communalism.
Even the delegates for the Second Round Table Conference were chosen on the basis of
their communal bearings.
After the failure of the Round Table Conferences, the British Prime Minister Ramsay
MacDonald announced the Communal Award which further extended the Separate
electorates and favoured the minorities over Hindus
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)
It was founded on 27 September 1925 by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar.
It was expanding, and its volunteers had shot up to 1, 00, 000.
K.B. Hedgewar, V.D. Savarkar and M.S. Golwalker were attempting to elaborate on the
concept of the Hindu Rashtra and openly advocated that ’the non-Hindu people in
Hindustan must adopt the Hindu culture and language…they must cease to be
foreigners or may stay in the country wholly subordinated to the Hindu Nation claiming
nothing.’
V.D. Savarkar asserted that ‘We Hindus are a Nation by ourselves’
Though the Congress had forbidden its members from joining the Mahasabha or the
R.S.S. as early as 1934, it was only in December 1938 that the Congress Working
Committee declared Mahasabha membership to be a disqualification for remaining in
the Congress.
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