இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.
Non- Cooperation Movement
Introduction
The Indian National Congress approved the non-cooperation movement in a September
1920 special session held in Calcutta.
December 1920 – Nagpur session non-cooperation movement was subsequently
passed. It was chaired by Salem C. Vijayaraghavachariar.
Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement
February 1920 – A joint Hindu-Muslim deputation was sent to the viceroy to seek
redress of grievances on the issue of Khilafat, but the mission proved abortive.
May 1920 – The Treaty of Sevres with Turkey signed completely dismembered Turkey.
June 1920 – An all-party conference at Allahabad approved a programme of boycott of
schools, colleges and law courts, and asked Gandhi to lead it.
31 August 1920 – Gandhi decided to formally launch the non-cooperation movement at
the instance of Khilafat Conference.
September 1920 – Calcutta special session, the Congress approved a non-cooperation
programme.
December 1920 – Nagpur session, important resolution to recognize and set up
linguistic Provincial Congress Committees which drew a large number of workers into
the movement was passed.
In order to broad base the Congress, the workers were to reach out to the villages and
enroll the villagers in the Congress on a nominal fee of four annas (25 paise).
The programme of non-cooperation included:
Surrender of all titles of honours and honorary offices.
Non-participation in government functions.
Suspension of practice by lawyers, and settlement of court disputes by private
arbitration.
Boycott of government schools by children and parents.
Boycott of the legislature created under the 1919 Act.
Non-participation in government parties and other official functions.
Refusal to accept any civil or military post.
Boycott of foreign goods and spreading the doctrine of Swadeshi.
Set up national schools, panchayats and also swadeshi goods were manufactured and
used.
The struggle at a later stage was to include no tax campaign and mass civil disobedience,
etc.
Change in the Congress Character
The overall character of the Congress underwent change and an atmosphere where a large
majority of the masses could develop a sense of belonging to the nation and the national
struggle developed. But it also led to some conservatives who were opposed to mass
participation in the struggle to leave the Congress. Thus, the Congress under Gandhi was
shedding its elitist character, becoming a mass organization and in a real sense ‘National’.
Non – Cooperation Movement – 2
Establishment of Vidyapeeths
Thousands of school and college students left the government institutions.
As alternatives to the government institutions thousands of schools and hundreds of
colleges and vidyapeethas were established by the natives.
These educational institutions were organised under the leadership of Acharya
Narendra Dev, C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat Rai, Zakir Hussain, Subhash Bose (who became the
principal of National College at Calcutta)
Jamia Millia at Aligarh, Kashi Vidyapeeth, Gujarat Vidyapeeth and Bihar Vidyapeeth are
the important Vidhyapeeths established.
Several leading lawyers gave up their practice
One crore rupees was collected as the Tilak Swaraj Fund.
Arrest of Ali Brothers
July 1921 – The Ali brothers gave a call to the Muslims to resign from the Army as it was
unreligious.
September 1921 – The Ali brothers were arrested and jailed on sedition charges.
The Congress committees called upon people to launch civil disobedience movement,
including no tax movements if the Congress committees of their region were ready.
The government as usual resorted to repression. Workers were arrested
indiscriminately and put behind bars.
Visit of Prince of Wales
1921- Prince of Wales visited to several cities in India was also boycotted.
The calculation of the colonial government that the visit of the Prince would evoke loyal
sentiments of the Indian people was proved to be wrong due to boycott.
Workers and peasants had gone on strike across the country.
Gandhi promised Swaraj, if Indians participated in the non-cooperation movement on
non-violent mode within a year.
South India surged forward during this struggle
The peasants of Andhra, withheld payment of taxes to the zamindars.
The whole population of Chirala-Perala refused to pay taxes and vacated the town en-
mass.
Hundreds of village Patels and Shanbogues resigned their jobs.
Non-Cooperation movement in Tamil Nadu was organised and led by stalwarts like C.
Rajagopalachari, S. Satyamurthi and Periyar E.V.R.
Anti-jenmi struggles were organized by Kerala peasants.
People’s Response
Middle Class
People from the middle classes led the movement at the beginning but later they
showed a lot of reservations about Gandhi’s programme.
In places like Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, which were centres of elite politicians, the
response to Gandhi’s call was very limited.
Business Class
The economic boycott received support from the Indian business group because they
had benefited from the nationalists’ emphasis on the use of swadeshi.
But a big business-man afraid to join the movement due to labour unrest in their
factories.
Peasants
Peasants’ participation was massive.
In Bihar, the confrontation between the ‘lower and upper castes’ got merged with the
Non-Cooperation Movement.
In general, the peasants turned against the landlords and the traders.
Students
Students became active volunteers of the movement and thousands of them left
government schools and colleges and joined national schools and colleges.
The newly opened national institutions like the Kashi Vidyapeeth, the Gujarat
Vidyapeeth and the Jamila Millia Islamia and others accommodated many students.
Women
Women gave up purdah and offered their ornaments for the Tilak Fund.
Women joined the movement in large numbers and took active part in picketing before
the shops selling foreign cloth and liquor.
Government Response
May 1921 – Talks between Gandhi and Reading, the viceroy, broke down.
As the government wanted Gandhi to urge the Ali brothers to remove those portions
from speeches which suggested violence.
Gandhi realised that the government was trying to drive a wedge between him and the
Khilafat leaders and refused to fall into the trap.
December 1921 – The government came down heavily on the protestors.
Volunteer corps was declared illegal, public meetings were banned, the press was
gagged and most of the leaders barring Gandhi were arrested.
Timeline
May 1921- Gandhi and Reading met
July 1921 – Muslims resign from British army
September 1921 – Ali Brothers was arrested
1921 – Prince of Wales visited many parts of India
Non – Cooperation Movement – 3
Last phase of Movement
The Viceroy admitted in a letter to the Secretary of State that lower class peasants in
UP, Bengal, Assam, Bihar and Orissa have been affected seriously due to intensity of the
movement.
1921 Ahmedabad session – Presided by Hakim Ajmal Khan then acting President,
because C.R. Das was still in jail.
Hakim Ajmal Khan appointed Gandhi as the sole authority on the issue.
February 1 1922 – Gandhi announced Civil disobedience movement including no tax
campaigns at Bardoli.
Reason for Civil disobedience movement – If the government did not ensure press
freedom and release the prisoners within seven days.
Tribals involved in the movement
The common people and the nationalist workers were exuberant that Swaraj would
dawn soon and participated actively in the struggle.
It had attracted all classes of people including the tribals living in the jungles.
In the Rampa region of coastal Andhra the tribals revolted under the leadership of Alluri
Sitarama Raju.
In Malabar, Muslim (Mapilla) peasants rose up in armed rebellion against upper caste
landholders and the British government.
Chauri-Chaura Incident
Chauri-Chaura, a village in Gorakhpur district of UP had an organized volunteer group
which was participating and leading the picketing of liquor shops and local bazaar
against high prices.
5 February 1922 – A Congress procession, 3000 strong, was fired upon by police Enraged
by the firing the mob attacked and burnt down the police station.
In this incident 22 policemen lost their lives. Due to this Gandhi announced the
suspension of the non-cooperation movement.
Withdrew of Non- Cooperation Movement
At Bardoli, the Congress Working Committee ratified the decision of Gandhi.
Most of the nationalist leaders including C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, Subash Bose,
Jawaharlal Nehru, however expressed their bewilderment at Gandhi’s decision to
withdraw the movement.
February 11, 1922 – Non-Cooperation movement was officially withdrawn.
March 10, 1922 – Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years in jail
Thus ended the non-cooperation movement.
Khilafat Movement
November 1922 – The people of Turkey under the leadership of Mustafa Kamal Pasha
rose in revolt for the Khilafat issue.
The Sultan was stripped of his political power and abolished the Caliphate in 1924 and
declared that religion and politics could not go together.
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