TNPSC Indian National Movement (INM) Free Notes

இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.

Revolutionary Extremism

Introduction
 Around 1908, the decline of the militant nationalists and the rise of revolutionary
activities marked an important shift from non-violent methods to violent action.
 It also meant a shift from mass-based action to elite response to the British rule.
 Around the 1870s, revolutionary terrorism had developed in Bengal.
 The akharas or gymnasiums were setup in various places to develop what Swami
Vivekananda had described as strong muscles and nerves of steel.
 Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s novel, Anandmath also had a significant impact.
Anandmath was widely read by the revolutionaries in Bengal.
 The Bande Mataram song, which is part of the novel, became the anthem of the
swadeshi movement.
 During the Swadeshi movement three factors contributed to the upsurge in the
individual acts of violence:

 The apolitical constructive programmes had little acceptance among the youth who
was growing impatient under the repressive foreign rule.
 The failure of the militant nationalists to lead the young people into a long-term
mass movement also contributed to the growth of individual action.
 The revolutionary action was part of an effort towards the symbolic recovery of
Indian manhood, which the revolutionaries believed was often challenged and
looked down upon by the British.
 The revolutionary actions were mostly attempts to assassinate specific oppressive
British officers.

Important Secret Societies
Anushilan Samity 1902
 Founded by – Jatindernath Banerjee and Barindarkumar Ghose in Calcutta.
 The Calcutta Anushilan Samity soon started its activities
 August 1906- The first swadeshi dacoity, to raise funds, was organised in Rangpur.
Dhaka Anushilan Samity 1906
 Founded by – Pulin Behari Das
 Yugantar- Revolutionary weekly.

Alipore Bomb Case
 1906 – Hemchandra Kanungo went abroad to get military training in Paris.
 1908 – He returned to India and established a bomb factory along with a religious school
at a garden house in Maniktala.
 A conspiracy was hatched there to kill Douglas Kingsford, notorious for his cruel ways of
dealing with the swadeshi agitators.
 Two young revolutionaries – 18-year-old Khudiram Bose and 19-year-old Prafulla Chaki –
were entrusted with the task of carrying out the killing.
 30 April 1908, they mistakenly threw a bomb on a carriage, instead of killing Kingsford,
killed two English women.
 Prafulla Chaki committed suicide and Khudiram Bose was arrested and hanged for the
murder.
 Aurobindo Ghose, along with his brother Barinder Kumar Ghose and thirty-five other
comrades, were arrested.
 Chittaranjan Das took up the case. It came to be known as the Alipore Bomb case.

 The judgement observed that there was no evidence to show that Aurobindo Ghose was
involved in any conspiracy against the British rule.
 Barindra Ghose and Ullaskar Dutt were given the death penalty (later commuted to the
transportation of life), with the rest being condemned to transportation for life.
Trial and the Aftermath
 After his acquittal, Aurobindo Ghose took to a spiritual path and shifted his base to
Pondicherry, where he stayed until his death in 1950.
 The reason for the gradual decline in the revolutionary activities in Bengal was a
combination of government repression and alienation from the people.
 Beside this, revolutionary terrorism suffered from certain social limitations too as most
of the revolutionaries were drawn from the three upper castes – Brahmin, Kayastha,
and Vaishya.
British Repression
Morley-Minto reforms
 In December 1908 the Morley-Minto constitutional reforms were announced.
 The moderates welcomed the reforms. However, they soon realised that there was
hardly any shift of power.
 In fact, measures taken by Minto were highly divisive as it institutionalised communal
electorates creating Hindu-Muslim divide.
Repressive laws introduced by colonial government such as:
 The Newspapers (Incitement to Offence) Act, 1908– This act empowered the magistrate
to confiscate press property which published objectionable material making it difficult
to publish anything critical of British rule.
 Indian Press Act 1910 made it mandatory for publishers and the printers to deposit a
security that could be seized in case they printed ‘obnoxious material’.
 The Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act allowed summary trails and also imposed the prohibition of ‘association.