Development: its Stages, Principles and Aspects

Table of Contents

Development: its Stages, Principles and Aspects. Development is main topic which carries 4-5 questions in Child Development Section. Development topic contains stages, principle, and its aspects. It also explain physical development of child in infant, childhood, adulthood. Development is vast in every way i.e. physical, emotional, mental etc. Here we are going to learn development in details.

What is Development

Development refers to qualitative changes taking place in an individual simultaneously with quantitively changes of growth. Development not only represent changes in an organism physically from its origin to its death but more particularly it is the progressive changes with take place from its origin to maturity.

Basic Principles of Development

The understand the complex process of development, various schools have propounded the following principles.

Principles ff Individual differences
Principle of Uniform – pattern
Principle of Removal of Undesirable Behaviour
Principle of Continuous Development
Principle of General of Specific
Principle of Development Sequence
Principle of Different Rate of Development
Principle of Interaction of Heredity and Environment

Stages of Development

Age groups आयु समूह	Related stage सम्बंधित चरण	Schooling stage स्कूल के चरण
0 – 1	Newborn नवजात शिशु	–
1 माह – 1 वर्ष	Infant शिशु	–
1 वर्ष – 3 वर्ष	Toddler घिसटने वाला शिशु	–
4 वर्ष – 6 वर्ष	Early childhood प्रारंभिक बाल्यावस्था	Pre – primary पूर्व – प्राथमिक
6 वर्ष – 12 वर्ष	Later childhood उत्तर बाल्यावस्था	Primary प्राथमिक
12 – 18 वर्ष	Adolescence किशोरावस्था	Secondary and senior secondary माध्यमिक और वरिष्ठ माध्यमिक
18 – 40 वर्ष	Young adulthood युवा वयस्कता	–
40 – 65 वर्ष	Adulthood वयस्कता	–
65 वर्ष and above	Mature adulthood परिपक्व वयस्कता	–

Aspect of Child Development

Child development is based on following aspects:

Growth in height and weight

individual generally occurs over the 15 – 20years following birth. Genetic factor plays an important role in determining the growth rate.

Motor development

It refers to change in movement pattern (involuntary) of an young infant to highly skilled voluntary movement characteristics of later childhood and adolescence.

Cognitive / intellectual development

The capacity to learn, remember, symbolize Information and to solve problems at a simple level in an infant to much higher level increase till Adolescence. Memory becomes increasingly longer and the capacity for abstraction developed until near adult level.

Social emotional development.

The capacity for empathy and the understanding of social rules begin in the preschool period and continue to develop till adulthood.

Language

A child must Attain competence in phonology, semantics, syntax and pragmatics of low language is used in different Contents.

Physical Development In Childhood

Weight (weight of a male child is always more than the girl child)

Weight of the child at birth- 7.15
Weight of the child in the first six months – Double(approx.)
Weight of the child at the end of the year – three Times (approx.)
Rate of increase in weight during second month – lb/month
Weight of the child in five years- About 38-43lbs

Length (length of a male child in always more than the girl child)

Length of the child at birth- About20.5 inches
Length at the end of the year- About 30.5 inches
Length at the end of second year- Increases by 4.5 inches

Head and Brain

The shape of head continues to change during childhood.
Upto 5 years of age size of the head increases 90% of the adult head
By the age of 10 years size of the head becomes 95% of adult head
Length of the head of head newborn- body’s length.
Weight of the brain of newborn-350gm(Approx.)

Bones

Total bones in the new born=270
Process of ossification continues.

Teeth

Growth of milk teeth at the age of six month
Number of teeth at the age of one year = 8
All the milk teeth grow by the age of 4
Milk teeth area a replaced by permanent teeth
By the 12th year of age all the teeth become permanent
The number of teeth can be 28-32

Development in Other Organs

Weight of muscles in newborn 23% of the total body weight.
Frequency of heart beats during first month 140/min.
Frequency of heart beats at the age of six 100/min.
All the organs grow by the age of six, expecially the upper part.
Legs and hands develop at a faster pace

Physical Development in Adolescence

Adolescence is the climax of physical development because physical development at this stage acquires permanent shape.

Physical Development	Development
Weight	Weight of male child increases mere than the weight of girl child. At the end of this phase the weight of male child becomes about 25lbs mare than the weight of girl child
Length	During adolescence, length of male- female increases at a faster pace. Length of a male child, mare or less increases upto the age of 18 years. The girls have increment in length upto 16 years of age.
Head and Brain	The development of head and Brain remain continue at this age. The head develops complete and weights around 1200-1400gms.
Bones	This stage is known for ossification process. The bones becomes very strong and some small bones get united.
Teeth	Upto this stage all the permanent teeth grow.
Development of Other Organs	Muscles develop at a faster pace. Upto 12 years of age. Total weight of muscles is 33% of the total body weight. Upto 16 years of age, total weight of muscles is 44% of the total body weight Rate of heart beats = 72 beats /min. Shoulders and chest/breast develop. Hips in female become broad and breast develops to the full. Sexual organs develops completely in male and female, and sexual power is the peak.