Learning from FTA negotiations in the U.K.- The Hindu Editorial Analysis

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India’s Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) UPSC Relevance

India’s Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are signed between two countries with an aim to promote bilateral trade. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and their features are important for UPSC Prelims (International Relations) and UPSC Mains Exam (International Relations- Bilateral Relations).

India’s Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in News

India is negotiating FTAs with many countries and groupings with an aim to achieve the export target of $2 trillion by 2030.

India’s Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) Negotiations

India is negotiating FTAs with countries such as the European Union, Canada, the U.K., and Israel.
Scope of FTAs: These FTAs cover a wide array of topics such as-
- Tariff reduction impacting the entire manufacturing and the agricultural sector;
- Rules on services trade;
- Digital issues such as data localisation;
- Intellectual property rights that may have an impact on the accessibility of drugs; and
- Investment promotion, facilitation, and protection.
Importance: An FTA has a far-reaching impact on the economy and society. Given this, one legitimately expects transparency and greater scrutiny of the FTA process both during and after the negotiations.

Issues with India’s Present FTA Negotiations

India negotiates most FTAs behind closed doors with very little information about the objectives and processes followed and negligible scrutiny.
This is not the case in other countries with whom India is negotiating such an FTA. In the U.K., for example, there are several robust mechanisms that foster a certain degree of transparency in the FTA negotiations.
Furthermore, there are institutional apparatuses that enable the scrutiny of the actions of the executive, during and after the signing of the FTA. Let us look at these mechanisms.

Learning from FTA negotiations in the U.K.

Policy Paper on FTAs: Department of International Trade (DFIT), U.K., publishes a policy paper laying down the strategic objectives behind negotiating an FTA and why it is important for the U.K. to have an FTA with a particular country.
- This policy paper is fairly detailed listing the specific advantages of signing an FTA such as-
  - The economic gains expected,
  - Distributional impacts,
  - The environmental impact, and
  - The labour and human rights dimensions of the FTA.
- In India, no such document is produced publicly that makes a case for signing an FTA and assessing its impact on the environment and society at large.
- The Commerce Ministry — the nodal body dealing with FTAs — on its website provides the bare minimum information about FTA negotiations.

Stakeholders Participation: the policy paper that the DFIT publishes also contains the inputs and responses received by various stakeholders such as businesses, non-governmental organisations, and others.
- Furthermore, the policy paper also explains the government view on specific suggestions.
- Seemingly, the Commerce Ministry also undertakes stakeholder consultations and inter-ministerial meetings but there is no public record of these discussions and the government’s response to the concerns of stakeholders.
Dedicated Body: In the U.K., the strategic objectives identified by the government for signing an FTA are scrutinised by the U.K. Parliament.
- This job is performed by the International Agreements Committee (IAC) of the British Parliament.
- The IAC hears expert witnesses on the FTA, critically examines the government’s strategic objectives for each FTA under negotiation, and offers key recommendations wherever it finds gaps in the government’s approach.
- The U.K. government then responds to these recommendations. In India, there is no mechanism for such parliamentary scrutiny of the executive’s actions during the FTA negotiations.
- India’s parliamentary system allows for department-related parliamentary committees that discuss various topics of importance and offer recommendations.
- However, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Commerce (PSCC) rarely scrutinises the Indian government’s objectives behind negotiating and signing an FTA.
Participation of Legislature: in the U.K, under the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act, 2010, the executive has to lay down a treaty before the British Parliament for 21 sitting days with an explanatory memorandum before ratifying it.
- This allows Parliament to be apprised of the treaty the executive is going to ratify.
- In India, there is no mechanism for any role of Parliament in the ratification of treaties including FTAs.
- Entering into treaties and matters incidental to it such as negotiations, signing and ratification are within the constitutional competence of Parliament.
- But, Parliament in the last seven-plus decades has not exercised its power on this issue, thus giving the executive unfettered freedom in negotiating, signing, and ratifying treaties including FTAs.

Way Forward for FTA negotiation process in India

India should take a leaf out of the U.K. book and develop a law on entering treaties including FTAs. This law should have the following parts.

First, the executive should make a clear economic case outlining its strategic objectives publicly for entering into negotiations for a treaty such as an FTA.
Second, the executive should be under an obligation to consult all stakeholders, respond to their concerns and make this information publicly available.
Third, the Indian Parliament should constitute a committee on the lines of the U.K.’s IAC that will scrutinise the strategic objectives behind entering into an FTA.
Fourth, the executive should place the FTA on the floor of Parliament for a certain duration, allowing Parliament to debate it, before ratifying it.

Conclusion

While the executive’s constitutional prerogative of entering into an FTA or international treaties, in general, is indisputable, this power should be exercised in a manner that makes the executive answerable.
After all, an integral facet of democracy is to hold the executive to account for its actions. It should be no different for negotiating international treaties including FTAs.

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