Types of Soil Tillage: Primary Tillage and Secondary Tillage

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Soil tillage UPSC

Soil tillage is an important practice for a good agricultural produce. It is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. In this article, we will discuss about tillage and the types of tillage.

What is tillage?

Soil tillage meaning: Physical Manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for better seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of plants is called tillage.
Soil tillage is a method of soil preparation for seedbed preparation, sowing or transplanting, and for crops’ growth.

Objective of soil tillage

To facilitate adequate soil aeration for gaseous exchange in the seed and root zone
Adequate seed-soil contact to permit water flow to seed and seedling roots
A non-crusted soil to permit seedling emergence
A low-density soil that permits root elongation and proliferation
To create an environment that provides adequate light to the seedling (weed free environment).
To create pest and pathogen free environment
To mix the applied manures and fertilizers with the soil
To remove the hardpan, if any to increase the soil depth for water absorption

Types of tillage: Based on time

Tillage is normally classified as given in the following image

Primary tillage

Primary tillage is the first soil tillage after the last harvest.
It is conducted when the soil is wet enough to allow ploughing and strong enough to give reasonable levels of traction.
This can be done immediately after the crop harvest or at the beginning of the next wet season.

Types of primary tillage

Deep Tillage: Deep ploughing turns out large sized clods, which are baked by the hot sun when it is done in summer. These clods crumble due to alternate heating and cooling and due to occasional summer showers. This process of gradual disintegration of clods improves soil structure.
Subsoiling: Subsoiling is breaking the hard pan without inversion and with less disturbance of top soil. The effect of subsoiling does not last long. To avoid closing of subsoil furrow, vertical mulching is adopted.
Year-round tillage: Tillage operations carried out throughout the year are known as year-round tillage. Repeated tillage operations are carried out until sowing of the crop. Even after harvest of the crop, the field is repeatedly ploughed or harrowed to avoid weed growth in the off season.

Secondary tillage

Secondary tillage is the lighter or finer operations performed on the soil after primary tillage. The purpose of secondary tillage is generally to