UPSC Law Optional Syllabus 2025 For IAS Mains Exam

UPSC Law Optional Syllabus 2025: Law is offered as one of the optional subjects in the UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam, consisting of two papers: Optional Paper I and Paper II. The IAS Exam encompasses three stages: Preliminary, Mains, and Interview. The main stage consists of nine papers, including two papers dedicated to the optional subject. This article presents the syllabus for the UPSC Law optional, while the UPSC Notification provided in the linked article covers the syllabus for other optional subjects.

UPSC Law Optional Syllabus 2025

 Law as an optional subject holds significant sway over success in both UPSC Prelims and Mains. Thorough preparation in General Studies and familiarity with law-related topics can yield excellent scores. It is a sought-after choice among aspirants with backgrounds in law, finance, international trade, administration, and management. The popularity of Law as an optional subject stems from the substantial overlap between the UPSC Syllabus and General Studies, enabling preparation efforts in one subject to benefit the other, thereby augmenting the likelihood of success.

UPSC Mains Result 2024

UPSC Law Syllabus 2025 For Optional Paper I

UPSC Law Syllabus Paper I: Candidates can check the following subjects in UPSC Law Syllabus for the optional paper I.

Constitutional and Administrative Law:
1. Constitution and Constitutionalism: The distinctive features of the Constitution.
2. Fundamental Rights—Public interest litigation; Legal Aid; Legal services authority.
3. Relationship between Fundamental rights, Directive Principles, and Fundamental duties.
4. Constitutional Position of the President and relation with the Council of Ministers.
5. Governor and his powers.
6. Supreme Court and the High Courts: (a) Appointments and transfer.
(b) Powers, functions, and jurisdiction.
7. Centre, States, and local bodies:
(a) Distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States.
(b) Local Bodies.
(c) Administrative relationship among Union, State, and Local Bodies.
(d) Eminent domain-State property-common property-community property.
8. Legislative powers, privileges, and immunities.
9. Services under the Union and the States:
(a) Recruitment and conditions of services; Constitutional safeguards; Administrative tribunals.
(b) Union Public Service Commission and state public Service Commissions—Power and functions.
(c) Election Commission—Power and functions.
10. Emergency provisions.
11. Amendment of the Constitution.
12. Principle of Natural Justice—Emerging trends and judicial approach.
13. Delegated legislation and its constitutionality.
14. Separation of powers and constitutional governance.
15. Judicial review of administrative action.
16. Ombudsman: Lokayukta, Lokpal etc.

International Law:
1. Nature and Definition of International Law.
2. Relationship between International Law and Municipal Law.
3. State Recognition and State Succession.
4. Law of the sea: Inland Waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone, and High Seas.
5. Individuals: Nationality, statelessness; Human Rights, and procedures available for their enforcement.
6. Territorial jurisdiction of States, Extradition, and Asylum.
7. Treaties: Formation, application, termination, and reservation.
8. United Nations: Its principal organs, powers, and functions and reform.
9. Peaceful settlement of disputes—different modes.
10. Lawful recourse to force: aggression, self-defence, intervention.
11. Fundamental principles of international humanitarian law—International conventions and contemporary developments.
12. Legality of the use of nuclear weapons; ban on the testing of nuclear weapons; Nuclear the non-proliferation treaty, CTST.
13. International Terrorism, State-sponsored terrorism, Hijacking, International Criminal Court.
14. New International Economic Order and Monetary Law: WTO, TRIPS, GATT, IMF, World Bank.
15. Protection and Improvement of the Human Environment: International Efforts.

UPSC Law Syllabus 2025 PDF

UPSC Law Syllabus 2025 For Optional Paper II

UPSC Law Syllabus Paper II: Candidates can check the following subjects in UPSC Law Syllabus for optional paper II.

Law of Crimes:
1. General principles of Criminal liability: men’s rea and actus reus, men’s rea in statutory offences.
2. Kinds of punishment and emerging trends as to abolition of capital punishment.
3. Preparations and criminal attempts.
4. General exceptions.
5. Joint and constructive liability.
6. Abetment.
7. Criminal conspiracy.
8. Offences against the State.
9. Offences against public tranquillity.
10. Offences against the human body.
11. Offences against property.
12. Offences against women.
13. Defamation.
14. Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
15. Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 and subsequent legislative developments.
16. Plea bargaining.
Law of Torts:
1. Nature and definition.
2. Liability based upon fault and strict liability; Absolute liability.
3. Vicarious liability including State Liability.
4. General defences.
5. Joint tort Fessors.
6. Remedies.
7. Negligence.
8. Defamation.
9. Nuisance.
10. Conspiracy.
11. False imprisonment.
12. Malicious prosecution.
13. Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
Law of Contracts and Mercantile Law:
1. Nature and formation of contract/E-contract.
2. Factors vitiating free consent.
3. Void, voidable, illegal and unenforceable agreements.
4. Performance and discharge of contracts.
5. Quasi-contracts.
6. Consequences of breach of contract.
7. Contract of indemnity, guarantee and insurance.
8. Contract of the agency.
9. Sale of goods and hire purchase.
10. Formation and dissolution of the partnership.
11. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.
12. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.
13. Standard form contracts.

Contemporary Legal Developments:
1. Public Interest Litigation.
2. Intellectual property rights—Concept, types/prospects.
3. Information Technology Law including Cyber Laws—Concept, purpose/prospects.
4. Competition Law—Concept, purpose/prospects.
5. Alternate Dispute Resolution—Concept, types/prospects.
6. Major statutes concerning environmental law.
7. Right to Information Act.
8. Trial by media.

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